Molecular Ions of Transient Species: Vinylamine-Cation

Vinylamine 1 was prepared by thermolysis of cyclobutylamine and its photoelectron spectrum was measured. I = 8.20 eV and I = 8.65 eV were found, the dominant vibrational progression (? = 725 cm^?1) indicating that in the course of 1(X)→1 ⁺( X? ) flattening around the N-atom occurs. The Franck-Condon profile of this band, however, suggests that a skeletal mode of ? ≈ 1400 cm^?1 (observed also in the iso-π-electronic systems vinyl-alcohol-cation and allyl radical) may also be excited. Comparison with the data for the isomer acetaldehyde-imine 2 and its cation s ⁺ shows that the isomer couple 1/2 constitutes a further notable example for a relative thermochemical stability inversion on going from the neutrals to the cations.     

Untersuchungen zur Verteilung und Schnellbestimmung von Blei, Cadmium und Zink in Lebern von Schlachtschweinen mittels Feststoff-Zeeman-Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie

Zusammenfassung Die Verteilung der Spurenelemente Blei, Cadmium und Zink wurde in vier Schweinelebern untersucht. Die Bestimmung erfolgte aus gefriergetrockneten und frischen Leberproben mittels Feststoffanalytik durch die Zeeman-Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Elemente Blei, Cadmium und Zink innerhalb jeder der untersuchten Lebern nahezu gleichmäßig verteilt sind. Dies ergab sich sowohl bei der Analyse von gefriergetrockneten als auch von Frischproben. Danach kann eine für den Blei-, Cadmium- und Zinkgehalt des Gesamtorgans repräsentative Probe an beliebiger Stelle der Schweineleber entnommen werden.Die in Kürze zu erwartende gesetzliche Festlegung von Höchstwerten für Blei und Cadmium in Lebern von Schlachttieren verlangt eine schnelle Bestimmung dieser Elemente. Diese Forderung kann mit der angewandten Methode durch die Untersuchung von Frischproben erfüllt werden.Die Feststoffanalytik mittels Zeeman-AAS, die sich durch die Einfachheit ihrer Handhabung und die Schnelligkeit ihrer Durchführung auszeichnet, kann somit für einen Einsatz in der tierärztlichen Lebensmittelüberwachung, insbesondere aber bei der amtlichen Fleischuntersuchung empfohlen werden.

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Experiments on distribution and rapid determination of lead, cadmium and zinc in livers of slaughtered pigs by solid Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry

Summary The distribution of the trace elements lead, cadmium and zinc was examined in four pig livers. The determination was made from freeze-dried and fresh liver sources by analysis of solids by ZEEMAN atomic absorption spectrometry.It could be shown that the elements Pb, Cd and Zn are nearly uniform distributed in each of the investigated livers. This was found not only by the analysis of freeze-dried but also of fresh samples. Therefore a sample, which is representative for the Pb-, Cd- and Zn-content of the whole organ, can be taken from any place of the pig liver.The legal fixation of maximal values for Pb and Cd in livers of slaughter cattle, which is expected in the next time, is asking for a fast determination of these elements. This demand can be realized by the applied method of examination of fresh samples.The analysis of solids by ZEEMAN-AAS, which is distinguished by simplicity of handling and rapidity of execution, can therefore be recommended for use in veterinary food control but particularly in the official meat examination.

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Vorgetragen anläßlich des Kolloquiums Stand und Perspektive der Feststoffanalyse mit AAS, Wetzlar, 8.–10. 10. 1984     

Size effect in the magnetic field dependence of nonequilibrium electron tunneling

The electron bottleneck in normal metal-insulator-metal tunnel junctions due to nonequilibrium effects has been investigated in the presence of a magnetic field. The observed results are due to a new geometrical size effect and are explained in an extension of our nonequilibrium theory.     

Kinetische Untersuchungen über die Silicium—Aryl-Spaltung mit Bromwasserstoff

Rate constants of the cleavage reaction of silicon aryl linkages with HBr were estimated for various aryl derivatives by means of NMR. A row of substituents was obtained, dependent on the cleavage rates. Correlation with theHammett function shows the electrophilic character of the reaction. The different cleavage rates give the possibility for specific cleavages of aryl groups from silanes.

     

Minimum-uncertainty states of systems with many degrees of freedom

The minimum-uncertainty states for systems with many degrees of freedom are investigated. The limiting situation, relevant to the electromagnetic field, is discussed and it is pointed out that the states that minimize Δp Δq do not tend to the coherent states. These latter, including the vacuum state, are minimum-uncertainty states for the transverse electric and magnetic fields. In an appendix a direct method to obtain the wave functional for the vacuum is presented.     

Temperature dependence of the 1H chemical shift of tetramethylsilane in chloroform, methanol, and dimethylsulfoxide

The chemical shift of tetramethylsilane (TMS) is usually taken to be zero. However, it does vary slightly with temperature, having obvious implications for studies of temperature effects on chemical shifts. In this work, we measure the variation in the chemical shift of TMS with temperature in three solvents, CDCl3, CD3OD, and DMSO-d6, relative to the resonant frequency of 3He gas, which can be reasonably assumed to be temperature independent. In all three solvents, the average temperature coefficient over a wide temperature range is about -6 x 10(-4) ppm/degrees C, a factor of five smaller than that previously reported in the literature. Data are included for 3He resonance frequencies over a temperature range of -110 to +180 degrees C, along with new measurements of volume magnetic susceptibilities of the three solvents and estimates of their temperature dependence. A novel method is used to provide temperature measurement via 2H resonances of methanol and ethylene glycol samples, which can concurrently be used for field/frequency locking.     

When electron exchange is chemical exchange-assignment of 1H NMR spectra of paramagnetic cobalt(II)-2,2':6'2''-terpyridine complexes

Electron exchange between [Co(terpy)2]3+ and [Co(terpy)2]2+ can be monitored by 1H NMR exchange spectroscopy and allows the cobalt(II) spectra to be fully assigned.     

Oligofunctional amphiphiles featuring geometric core group preorganization: synthesis and study of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films

Based on the principle of supramolecular preorganization, a new type of oligofunctional amphiphile, of which compounds 1-4 are representative structures, has been designed and synthesized. The typical feature of their structure is a highly rigid and geometrically well-defined central unit composed of ethynylene substituted aromatic spacers with different numbers of amphiphilic segment groups (also of a rigid geometric design) attached to it. The molecules form well-defined Langmuir films when spread from a solution at the air/water interface or when a 10(-4) M aqueous CaCl2 solution was used as the subphase. By analysis of the surface pressure-surface area (pi-A) isotherms, information on the packing behavior and orientation of the amphiphilic molecules depending on the molecular structure could be obtained. Morphological characterization of the dynamic process of monolayer compression at the air/water interface was carried out by Brewster angle microscopy, illustrating several phase states visualized as snap shots. Thin monolayer films produced on a 10(-4) M aqueous CaCl2 subphase can be transferred to a mica solid support by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy reveals a surface topography of the monofilms composed of 1 and 3 that differ in roughness and also in the properties of elasticity, hardness and adhesive strength. X-Ray crystal structure analysis of three relevant intermediate compounds of the synthesis were successfully determined giving an indication of the potential structural features inherent in the new amphiphiles.     

Attachment of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides to thiol-derivatised gold surfaces

Glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides have been attached to thiol-derivatised gold surfaces, via the formation of mercury-sugar adducts at the non-reducing end, representing a new method of generating versatile glycoconjugates incorporating this class of biologically and medically important carbohydrate.     

Novel formulations of vitamins and insulin by nanoengineering of polyelectrolyte multilayers around microcrystals

Microcapsules loaded with vitamin K3 (VK3), biotin, or insulin were prepared by using a novel coating technology based on the layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes onto microcrystal templates. This produced multilayered, polymeric shells of varying thickness around the crystalline cores. Dissolution of the core material (VK3 with ethanol, biotin with basic solution, and insulin with acidic solution), resulted in its release through the shells. Microelectrophoresis was employed to monitor the microcrystal coating process; confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to verify multilayer coating and the formation of hollow polymer shells following removal of the microcrystal templates. The release rates of both VK3 and insulin decreased as the wall thickness (the number of polyelectrolyte layers deposited onto the microcrystal cores), increased. The release time could be varied by a factor of more than ten, depending on the number of polyelectrolyte layers applied. Following the addition of 70 mass % ethanol, the solubility of VK3 increased by as much as 170-fold, resulting in an increased rate of VK3 release. By selecting appropriate polymer materials for the shells, and by controlling the number of polyelectrolyte layers applied, shells of various thickness, stiffness, aqueous solubility, dispersibility, biocompatibility, and permeability can be constructed.