Application of Preconditioned GMRES Algorithm for Analysis of Millimeter Wave Ferrite Sphere Circulators

The generalized minimal residual (GMRES) iterative method is applied to solve such sparse large non-symmetric system of linear equations resulting from the use of edge-based finite element method. In order to speed up the convergence of GMRES, the symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) preconditioning scheme is applied for the analysis of millimeter wave ferrite circulator. Consequently, this preconditioned GMRES (PGMRES) approach can reach convergence ten times faster than GMRES. The reflection and insertion losses of millimeter wave waveguide circulator are compared with those obtained from literature.     

An AlGaN/GaN HEMT with reduced surface electric field and improved breakdown voltage

A reduced surface electric field in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is investigated by employing a localized Mg-doped layer under the two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) channel as an electric field shaping layer. The electric field strength around the gate edge is effectively relieved and the surface electric field is distributed evenly as compared with those of HEMTs with conventional source-connected field plate and double field plate structures with the same device physical dimensions. Compared with the HEMTs with conventional source-connected field plate and double field plate, the HEMT with Mg-doped layer also shows that the breakdown location shifts from the surface of the gate edge to the bulk Mg-doped layer edge. By optimizing both the length of Mg-doped layer, L_m, and the doping concentration, a 5.5 times and 3 times the reduction in the peak electric field near the drain side gate edge is observed as compared with those of the HEMTs with source-connected field plate structure and double field plate structure, respectively. In a device with V_GS=-5 V, L_m=1.5 μm, a peak Mg doping concentration of 8× 10¹⁷ cm^-3 and a drift region length of 10 μm, the breakdown voltage is observed to increase from 560 V in a conventional device without field plate structure to over 900 V without any area overhead penalty.     

Synthesis,structural, electrochemical,and photophysical properties of 4,2′‐thiopyrylogens – a novel class of sensitizers for photoinduced electron transfer reactions

The first three examples of the thioanalog of the 4,2′‐pyrylogen ring system are reported. The influence of the sulfur atom on the structural, electrochemical, and photophysical behavior of this ring system is discussed. In addition, these 4,2′‐thiopyrylogens are compared to their previously reported 4,4′‐isomers and their 4,4′‐ and 4,2′‐oxygen analogs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accreting neutron stars as probes of dense matter physics

There are over 100 accreting neutron stars in our galaxy, in which matter (typically H/He) is tidally transferred from a secondary companion to the neutron star. Accretion of this matter perturbs the thermal structure of the interior away from that of an isolated cooling neutron star. In this paper. we review how this accretion induces reactions in the crust of the neutron star that keep the interior hot. If the accretion is intermittent, then the heated surface layers are directly observable when accretion stops. This heating also affects the unstable ignition of light elements in the neutron star envelope. Observations of the neutron star cooling following an accretion outburst can in principle constrain the thermal properties of the crust and core.     

Threshold 3He and 3H Transverse Electron Scattering Response Functions

The threshold transverse response functions R _T (q, ω) for ³He and ³H are calculated using the AV18 nucleon–nucleon potential, the UrbanaIX three-body force, and the Coulomb potential. Final states are completely taken into account via the Lorentz integral transform technique. Consistent two-body π- and ρ-meson exchange currents as deduced using the Arenhövel-Schwamb technique are included. The convergence of the method is shown and a comparison of the corresponding MEC contribution is made to that of a consistent MEC for the meson theoretical r-space BonnA potential. The response R _T is calculated in the threshold region at q = 174, 324, and 487 MeV/c and compared with available data. The strong MEC contributions in the threshold region are nicely confirmed by the data at q = 324 and 487 MeV/c although some differences between theoretical and experimental results remain. A comparison is also made with other calculations, where the same theoretical input is used. The agreement is generally rather good, but leaves also some space for further improvement.     

Uniform Field Re-entrant Cylindrical TE$$_{01\text {U}}$$ Cavity for Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at Q-band

Uniform field (UF) resonators create a region-of-interest, where the sample volume receives a homogeneous microwave magnetic field (\(B_1\)) excitation. However, as the region-of-interest is increased, resonator efficiency is reduced. In this work, a new class of uniform field resonators is introduced: the uniform field re-entrant cylindrical TE\(_{\text {01U}}\) cavity. Here, a UF cylindrical TE\(_{\text {01U}}\) cavity is designed with re-entrant fins to increase the overall resonator efficiency to match the resonator efficiency maximum of a typical cylindrical TE\(_{011}\) cavity. The new UF re-entrant cylindrical TE\(_{\text {01U}}\) cavity is designed for Q-band (34 GHz) and is calculated to have the same electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal intensity as a TE\(_{011}\) cavity, a 60% increase in average resonator efficiency \(\Lambda _\mathrm{ave}\) over the sample, and has a \(B_1\) profile that is 79.8% uniform over the entire sample volume (98% uniform over the region-of-interest). A new H-type T-junction waveguide coupler with inductive obstacles is introduced that increases the dynamic range of a movable short coupler while reducing the frequency shift by 43% during over-coupling. The resonator assembly is fabricated and tested both on the bench and with EPR experiments. This resonator provides a template to improve EPR spectroscopy for pulse experiments at high frequencies.     

Edge effects on the order and freezing of a 2D array of block copolymer spheres

The order in a single layer of spherical domains of a block copolymer melt is investigated as a function of distance from the edges of the 15 microm wide, 30 nm deep wells that confine it along a substrate. At 255 degrees C the edge induces the formation of a hexatic phase whose orientational and translational order decreases slowly away from the edge until in the center of the well the block copolymer spheres have liquidlike order.     

Suspension and fall of heavy particles in random two-dimensional flow

We investigate the settling of heavy particles in a steady, two-dimensional random velocity field, and find instances in which particle suspension occurs. This leads to a bimodal velocity distribution that may explain some apparently conflicting results reported in the literature. The bimodal distribution is typically smeared out by a time dependence of the ambient flow but, if the time variation is slow, the settling rates of some particles will be as well. The resulting broadbanded velocity distribution of the settling particles will have significance for processes such as rain drop formation, in which the spread of particle velocities affects the statistics of particle collisions.     

13C NMR Assignments of Artemisinin,Desoxyartemisinin and Artemether

The ¹³C nmr assignments for all carbons except the methylene groups were made for artemisinin (1), artemether (2) and desoxyartemisinin (3). The assignments were based on chemical shift theory and confirmed by selective band decoupling experiments.     

Reconstruction of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast with temporal constraints

A number of methods using temporal and spatial constraints have been proposed for reconstruction of undersampled dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The complex data can be constrained or regularized in a number of different ways, for example, the time derivative of the magnitude and phase image voxels can be constrained separately or jointly. Intuitively, the performance of different regularizations will depend on both the data and the chosen temporal constraints. Here, a complex temporal total variation (TV) constraint was compared to the use of separate real and imaginary constraints, and to a magnitude constraint alone. Projection onto Convex Sets (POCS) with a gradient descent method was used to implement the diverse temporal constraints in reconstructions of DCE MRI data. For breast DCE data, serial POCS with separate real and imaginary TV constraints was found to give relatively poor results while serial/parallel POCS with a complex temporal TV constraint and serial POCS with a magnitude-only temporal TV constraint performed well with an acceleration factor as large as R=6. In the tumor area, the best method was found to be parallel POCS with complex temporal TV constraint. This method resulted in estimates for the pharmacokinetic parameters that were linearly correlated to those estimated from the fully-sampled data, with K^trans,R=6=0.97 K^trans,R=1+0.00 with correlation coefficient r=0.98, k_ep,R=6=0.95 k_ep,R=1+0.00 (r=0.85). These results suggest that it is possible to acquire highly undersampled breast DCE-MRI data with improved spatial and/or temporal resolution with minimal loss of image quality.