Separation of nitrophenols. Equilibriums in bi- and tri-phasic systems

The paper presents experimental data obtained in the study of liquid–liquid partition equilibriums in biphasic system in order to optimize the process of transport through bulk liquid membranes (triphasic partition systems). The partition equilibriums of some nitrophenols using chloroform as extraction solvent and membranary solvent, respectively, were studied. The influence of the pH on the partition equilibriums was investigated. The repartition constants and the pK_a values of the studied nitrophenols were calculated. Nitrophenols were transferred in triphasic system from a feed phase with pH 2, through a chloroform liquid membrane, into a receiving phase with pH 12, with efficiencies over 90%.     

Carbon-13 Assignments and Revision of the Stereostructures of the Cadinanes 2-Hydroxy-8α-angeloyloxycalamenene and 2-Hydroxy-8α-hydroxycalamenene

The two known cadinanes 2-hydroxy-8α-hydroxycalamenene and 2-hydroxy-8α-angeloyloxycalamenene were isolated from a Louisiana population of Heterotheca subaxillaris.

Their ¹³C NMR spectra were fully assigned by the application of HETCOR, COLOC, COSY, NOESY and DEPT experiments. It was shown on the basis of NOESY experiments that both cadinanes require revision at the stereogenic centre C-7.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Pressure and Temperature Dual‐Responsive Polystyrene Microbeads

A facile approach to the synthesis of pressure and temperature dual‐responsive polystyrene (PS) microbeads with controlled sizes via dispersion polymerization is described. Three different luminophors are selected and directly introduced into the reaction system and thus incorporated into the resultant PS microbeads during polymerization. By manipulating the reaction conditions, including concentrations of the initiator and monomer, polarity of the reaction medium, and injection rate for the monomer, uniform PS microbeads with sizes ranging from 1 to 5 μm are obtained. When a light source centered at 365 nm is used to excite all the luminophors in the PS beads, three distinct and resolvable emission peaks corresponding well with the luminophors are observed. By taking advantage of their sensitive responses to both pressure and temperature, the PS beads can be utilized for quantitative measurements of these two stimulations simultaneously. The PS beads loaded with multiple luminophors have the ability to serve as building blocks for the fabrication of novel sensing and imaging devices and therefore provide a promising strategy for the study of aerodynamics.     

CO2 line intensity FTS measurements with 1% assumed accuracy in the 1.5-1.6 μm spectral range

Using Fourier-transform spectra and a multispectrum fitting procedure, 124 absolute line intensities of ¹²C¹⁶O₂ are obtained for the cold band 30011-00001 and the hot band 01131-01101 between 6460 and 6950 cm⁻¹. Vibrational transition dipole moments squared and Herman-Wallis coefficients are reported for each band. Cross comparisons made with previous experimental results and with data available in the HITRAN and Carbon Dioxide Spectroscopic Databank (CDSD), bring some confidence on the good level of accuracy of the present results. Motivated by the demanding needs of some atmospheric experiments dedicated to the survey of the carbon cycle, an additional evaluation of potential absolute line intensity measurement limit is also performed on recently published carbon dioxide absolute line intensity independent measurements. These are obtained in two different laboratories on the bands 30013-00001 and 30012-00001 both located in the 1.6 μm spectral window. It is shown that Fourier-transform experimental CO₂ line intensity determination is approaching the challenging required figure of about 0.3% accuracy needed for the survey of the atmospheric carbon cycle.     

MR of an adrenal pseudocyst

We describe the appearance of an adrenal pseudocyst on MRI and CT. The MR characteristics of the lesion were noteworthy in that the lesion had two components with different imaging characteristics. The larger component was of low signal intensity on both T₁- and T₂-weighted images and might have been confused with an adrenal adenoma.     

Fourier-transform infrared study of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) studies of polystyrene (PS)/poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blends are presented. Both compatible (one-phase) and phase-separated blends were studied. In the case of compatible PS/PVME blends, there is strong evidence for molecular interactions. The interaction spectrum was obtained by digital subtraction techniques. In contrast, no interaction is detected for the phase-separated blends. In view of these results, molecular interactions must play a role in the compatibility of the two polymers. The merits of factor analysis and least-squares fit methods, as pertaining to our data, are also discussed.     

Construction and screening of M13 phage libraries displaying long random peptides

Summary We have constructed two phage display libraries expressing N-terminal pIII fusions in M13 composed of 37 and 43 random amino acid domains, respectively. The D38 library expresses 37 random amino acids with a central alanine residue, and the DC43 library contains 43 random amino acids with a central cysteine flanked by two glycine residues, giving the displayed peptide the potential to form disulfide loops of various sizes. We demonstrate that the majority of random sequences in both libraries are compatible in pentavalent display with phage viability. The M13 phage display vector itself has been engineered to contain a factor Xa protease cleavage site to provide an alternative to acid elution during affinity selection. An in-frame amber mutation has been inserted between the pIII cloning sites to allow for efficient selection against nonrecombinant phage in the library. These libraries have been panned against mAb 7E11-C5, which recognizes the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM). Isolated phage display a consensus sequence that is homologous to a region in the PSM molecule.     

Fully coupled finite volume solutions of the incompressible Navier–Stokes and energy equations using an inexact Newton method

An inexact Newton method is used to solve the steady, incompressible Navier–Stokes and energy equation. Finite volume differencing is employed on a staggered grid using the power law scheme of Patankar. Natural convection in an enclosed cavity is studied as the model problem. Two conjugate-gradient -like algorithms based upon the Lanczos biorthogonalization procedure are used to solve the linear systems arising on each Newton iteration. The first conjugate-gradient-like algorithm is the transpose-free quasi-minimal residual algorithm (TFQMR) and the second is the conjugate gradients squared algorithm (CGS). Incomplete lower-upper (ILU) factorization of the Jacobian matrix is used as a right preconditioner. The performance of the Newton- TFQMR algorithm is studied with regard to different choices for the TFQMR convergence criteria and the amount of fill-in allowed in the ILU factorization. Performance data are compared with results using the Newton-CGS algorithm and previous results using LINPACK banded Gaussian elimination (direct-Newton). The inexact Newton algorithms were found to be CPU competetive with the direct-Newton algorithm for the model problem considered. Among the inexact Newton algorithms, Newton-CGS outperformed Newton- TFQMR with regard to CPU time but was less robust because of the sometimes erratic CGS convergence behaviour.     

Heterogeneous nucleation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The effect of various metal salts as nucleating additives for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been investigated. In the case of sodium benzoate and probably for all other effective nucleating additives, the nucleation process can be divided into a “heterogeneous particle nucleation” performed by the unreacted salt and a “homogeneous nucleation” due to the polymer–sodium (metal) salt formed during the extrusion. This polymer–sodium (metal) salt is the major nucleating agent in these systems. We have also shown the fundamental difference between the concept of a nucleating additive and that of a nucleating agent.