阳极改性对微生物燃料电池处理秸秆水解物性能影响

以玉米秸秆稀酸水解液为阳极底物,用污水处理厂活性污泥为产电微生物菌源构建双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),采用三种不同方法改性阳极碳毡,并对其MFC产电性能进行研究。结果表明,以未改性碳毡(CC)、HNO_3酸解CC(HNO_3/CC)、壳聚糖改性CC(chitosan/CC)、PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3层层自组装改性碳毡(PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3/CC)的MFC的最大产电量分别为248、315、452和522 mV,最大功率密度分别为54.6、92.7、203.8和248.1 mW/m~2,COD的去除率分别为82.21%、81.46%、82.53%和86.44%。循环伏安曲线显示,PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3层层自组装改性的阳极碳毡具有较高的氧化还原电位。电化学阻抗谱图表明,PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3层层自组装改性碳毡的极化内阻最小,为7Ω。几种改性材料为阳极的MFC性能依次为PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3/CC壳聚糖/CCHNO_3/CC空白CC。     

SiO2-Al2O3玻纤载体负载CuO-CeO2对挥发性有机化合物催化燃烧性能研究

采用等体积共浸渍法制备了CuO-CeO₂整体式催化剂,评价了催化剂对乙酸乙酯、异丙醇及甲苯的催化燃烧性能。采用N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射（XRD）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）以及挥发性有机化合物脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征。表征数据显示,氧化铜以高分散态均匀分散存在于载体表面,氧化铈则是小的纳米颗粒,氧化铈颗粒粒径随着Cu/Ce物质的量比的减小而增大。添加铈氧化物会显著增加总酸量,特别是路易斯酸酸位的量,同时增强了乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的吸附量,吸附量的增加提高了催化剂对乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的催化燃烧性能。从甲苯的催化燃烧实验可以看出,大量添加CeO₂稍微增加了甲苯的吸附容量,减弱了催化剂的还原性、降低了活性氧的含量,最终导致甲苯的低转化率。催化行为由氧化铜、氧化铈以及载体三者之间的共同作用决定,这三者的协同作用不仅影响着表面氧的活性同时影响着催化剂对甲苯的吸附能力。     

五乙烯六胺改性金属有机骨架材料MIL-101(Cr)对CO_2的吸附性能

采用溶剂热法合成金属有机骨架材料MIL-101(Cr),用回流法将五乙烯六胺(PEHA)负载到MIL-101(Cr)孔道中的不饱和金属位点上,使用扫描电镜、粉末X射线衍射、氮气物理吸附、元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱等表征手段考察材料的结构和形貌,测试氨基改性前后的MIL-101(Cr)在25℃、不同压力下对CO_2的吸附效果。结果表明,负载0.24 m L五乙烯六胺后的MIL-101(Cr)对CO_2的吸附效果最好,在25℃、常压下对CO_2的饱和吸附量可达58.944 mg/g,相比未负载五乙烯六胺的MIL-101(Cr)吸附量(CO_2饱和吸附量为44.208 mg/g)增加了33%。随着吸附压力的增加,MIL-101(Cr)和0.24PEHAM IL-101(Cr)对CO_2的饱和吸附量逐渐增加,当吸附压力为1.1 MPa时,两者的吸附量分别为1 147.59和1 256.74 mg/g,表明该类材料在高压下对CO_2有着良好的吸附效果。     

高效固体酸SBA-15-Zr(OTf)3催化胺或醇开环环氧化合物

通过简单的一锅两步法制备了三氟金属(铝,钛,锆)接枝介孔SBA-15 (AlTf/S,TiTf/S,ZrTf/S)固体酸材料,并通过XRD,N2吸附,TGA,FTIR,原位吡啶FTIR和元素分析对这些材料进行了详细的表征.其中,ZrTf/S能够高效催化环氧化物温和条件下被胺或醇开环生成对应β-氨基醇或β-烷氧基醇,并且催化剂能循环利用.ZrTf/S相较于AlTf/S和TiTf/S酸性最强,因而催化活性也最高.     

S掺杂的还原态TiO2-x的制备及其可见光催化性能

作为一种稳定、价廉的光催化剂,TiO2被广泛应用于各种污染物的降解;但是,较大的宽禁带(~3.2 eV)和较低的电子迁移率不仅使TiO2很难吸收可见光,而且光生电子和空穴的复合几率高,从而导致TiO2的总体光电效率不高.因此,设计能够被可见光激发、并具有快速光生电子传输的TiO2一直是研究热点.研究表明,Ti3+自掺杂的TiO2(还原态TiO2-x)不仅能够被可见光激发,而且使TiO2具有良好的电子导电性,从而有利于提高TiO2的光电转换效率.另外,非金属元素的掺杂能够减小TiO2的禁带宽度,使TiO2能够响应可见光并具有良好的可见光催化性能,其中S元素的掺杂被广泛研究.目前,S掺杂纳米TiO2的制备通常采用TiS2,单质S,硫脲、二甲亚砜等为S源,但这类原料通常价格昂贵或者具有一定的毒性,因而实际应用受到限制.而制备Ti3+自掺杂TiO2的方法大都是基于"还原法",在真空或强还原性气氛如H2,CO中加热TiO2,或采用高能粒子(电子、氩离子)轰击.在实际应用中,这些方法存在步骤多、条件苛刻、反应时间长和设备昂贵等不足.而且,还原法反应通常发生在颗粒的表面,形成的Ti3+很容易被空气和水中的溶解O2氧化,降低材料的稳定性.虽然在温和的液相中还原Ti4+可用于制备Ti3+掺杂的TiO2,但是由于反应过程中有副产物生成,需要进行后续处理才能得到纯的Ti3+自掺杂TiO2.因此,设计一种简单的制备S掺杂还原态TiO2-x光催化剂仍具有十分重要的意义.前期我们采用H2O2氧化TiH2得到不同状态的前驱体凝胶,然后进行不同方式的后处理得到Ti3+自掺杂的纳米TiO2.本文以TiH2和H2O2反应得到的黄色前驱体凝胶为Ti源,以价格低廉、无毒、稳定的二氧化硫脲为S源和还原剂,采用不同的方法制备了S掺杂的还原态TiO2-x光催化剂.本文初步研究了在凝胶中加入二氧化硫脲后进行水热处理,以及将干燥的凝胶粉末与二氧化硫脲混合热处理对所得产物的影响.并与纯的TiO2、还原态TiO2-x和S掺杂TiO2的光吸收、电化学、光催化性能进行对比研究.采用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜、X-射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、比表面分析和电化学工作站等技术对产物的结构、形貌和光电性能进行了表征.以罗丹明B(RhB)溶液为模拟废水,考察样品的可见光催化性能.结果表明,不同的后续处理方式不仅影响S掺杂TiO2-x的结晶性和形貌,而且影响产物的光吸收性能和电子传输性能,从而使不同条件下所得产物的可见光催化性能不同.其中,采用热处理方式得到的S掺杂TiO2-x样品在可见光下降解RhB的速率分别是纯的TiO2,TiO2-x和S掺杂TiO2的31,2.5和3.6倍,而且样品具有良好的循环稳定性.     

Rylene diimide and dithienocyanovinylene copolymers for polymer solar cells

Two polymers containing(E)-2,3-bis(thiophen-2-yl)acrylonitrile(CNTVT) as a donor unit, perylene diimide(PDI) or naphthalene diimide(NDI) as an acceptor unit, are synthesized by the Stille coupling copolymerization, and used as the electron acceptors in the solution-processed organic solar cells(OSCs). Both polymers exhibit broad absorption in the region of 300–850 nm. The LUMO energy levels of the resulted polymers are ca. –3.93 eV and the HOMO energy levels are –5.97 and –5.83 eV. In the binary blend OSCs with PTB7-Th as a donor, PDI polymer yields the power conversion efficiency(PCE) of up to 1.74%, while NDI polymer yields PCE of up to 3.80%.     

Enzymatic epoxidation of soybean oil in the presence of perbutyric acid

Enzymatic epoxidation of vegetable oils using a long chain fatty acid as an active oxygen carrier could produce a desirable epoxy oxygen group content (EOC); however, the acid value (AV) of final epoxidized oil is too high. The present study was to investigate the effect of different fatty acids with varying length of carbon chain on EOC and AV of the final epoxidized soybean oil (ESO); finding butyric acid was the choice of active oxygen carrier when hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxygen donor in the presence of lipase Novozyme 435. And in situ IR was used to monitor the epoxidation process, which revealed that the formation of perbutyric acid was the key step in the whole reaction. The epoxidation process was optimized as follows: molar ratio of butyric acid/C=C bonds of 0.19:1, 8% of immobilized lipase Novozyme 435 load (relative to the weight of soybean oil) and molar ratio of H₂O₂/C=C bonds of 3.5:1, reaction time of 4 h and reaction temperature of 45 °C. Under these conditions, ESO with a high EOC (7.62 ± 0.20%) and a lower AV value (8.53 ± 0.18 mgKOH/g) was obtained. The oxriane conversion degree was up to 97.94%.     

Electromagnetoelastic behaviors of functionally graded piezoelectric

Analytical studies on electromagnetoelastic behaviors are presented for the functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) solid cylinder and sphere placed in a uniform magnetic field and subjected to the external pressure and electric loading. When the mechanical, electric and magnetic properties of the material obey an identical power law in the radial direction, the exact displacements, stresses, electric potentials and perturbations of magnetic field vector in the FGPM solid cylinder and sphere are obtained by using the infinitesimal theory of electromagnetoelasticity. Numerical examples also show the significant influence of material inhomogeneity. It is interesting to note that selecting a specific value of inhomogeneity parameter can optimize the electromagnetoelastic responses, which will be of particular importance in modern engineering designs.     

Study of thermal deformation of microelectronics packaging product by interferometric technique

In this paper, the out-of-plane deformation of silicon surface of Direct Chip Attachment (DCA) assembly, under thermal loading, was measured in real-time by Twyman/Green interferometry. The contour maps of the out-of-plane displacement fields of silicon surface under thermal loading and cycling of various temperature were obtained. Experimental results show that the relation between the out-of-plane displacement and temperature is nonlinear and varies with temperature cycling, due to nonlinear mechanical behavior of the materials used in electronic packaging. A comparison of the out-of-plane displacement fields of silicon surface measured by T/G interferometry in real-time and replicating technique of high temperature specimen grating of moire interferometry was made.     

部分相干光云纹干涉法测三维位移场

本文提出了一种用部分相干光可同时获得面内位移和离面位移场的云纹干涉法。该法具有装置简单,无需防震,可用于观场测量等特点。文中论述了此法的基本原理,应用波前干涉理论和付里叶光学理论对变形前后波前的干涉、记录和再观进行了分析,导出了计算公式。实现了透射物体和反射物体表面的面内位移分量(U_0,V_(45),U_(90))和离面位移(w)的全场同时测量,典型实验证明,实验值与计算结果符合较好。