High-speed horizontal-path atmospheric turbulence correction with a large-actuator-number microelectromechanical system spatial light modulator in an interferometric phase-conjugation engine

Results of atmospheric propagation for a high-speed, large-actuator-number adaptive optics system are presented. The system uses a microelectromechanical system- (MEMS-) based spatial light modulator correction device with 1024 actuators. Tests over a 1.35-km path achieved correction speeds in excess of 800 Hz and Strehl ratios close to 0.5. The wave-front sensor was based on a quadrature interferometer that directly measures phase. This technique does not require global wave-front reconstruction, making it relatively insensitive to scintillation and phase residues. The results demonstrate the potential of large-actuator-number MEMS-based spatial light modulators to replace conventional deformable mirrors.     

Modified z-gradient filtering as a mean to obtain phased deuterium autocorrelation 2D NMR spectra in oriented solvents

We describe a modified z-gradient filter scheme specifically designed to obtain pure absorption mode deuterium 2D NMR spectra recorded in oriented solvents. The proposed technique is investigated by analysing the evolution of the density operator for a spin I=1. The method is applied to the recently designed Q-COSY and Q-resolved 2D experiments to simplify the analysis of chiral molecules dissolved in weakly orienting chiral liquid crystals. The efficiency of this z-gradient filtering technique is illustrated using the perdeuterated 1-butanol, a prochiral molecule of average Cs symmetry, dissolved in an organic solution of poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG). The experimental results as well as the advantages of the new experiments compared with the previous ones are described and discussed.     

Photothermal microanalysis of thermal discontinuities in metallic samples

Modeling the behavior of a protective coating during a thermal shock not only requires the knowledge of its own thermophysical characteristics, but also those of the coating–substrate discontinuity. According to its nature, this discontinuity can be modeled as a zero-thickness interface (thermal contact resistance) or a finite thickness layer (thermal third body). This paper presents an experimental device and two associated thermal transfer models developed in view of the microscale characterization of such discontinuities.     

Commissioning of a multi‐beamline femtoslicing facility at SOLEIL

The investigation of ultrafast dynamics, taking place on the few to sub‐picosecond time scale, is today a very active research area pursued in a variety of scientific domains. With the recent advent of X‐ray free‐electron lasers (XFELs), providing very intense X‐ray pulses of duration as short as a few femtoseconds, this research field has gained further momentum. As a consequence, the demand for access strongly exceeds the capacity of the very few XFEL facilities existing worldwide. This situation motivates the development of alternative sub‐picosecond pulsed X‐ray sources among which femtoslicing facilities at synchrotron radiation storage rings are standing out due to their tunability over an extended photon energy range and their high stability. Following the success of the femtoslicing installations at ALS, BESSY‐II, SLS and UVSOR, SOLEIL decided to implement a femtoslicing facility. Several challenges were faced, including operation at the highest electron beam energy ever, and achievement of slice separation exclusively with the natural dispersion function of the storage ring. SOLEIL's setup also enables, for the first time, delivering sub‐picosecond pulses simultaneously to several beamlines. This last feature enlarges the experimental capabilities of the facility, which covers the soft and hard X‐ray photon energy range. In this paper, the commissioning of this original femtoslicing facility is reported. Furthermore, it is shown that the slicing‐induced THz signal can be used to derive a quantitative estimate for the degree of energy exchange between the femtosecond infrared laser pulse and the circulating electron bunch.     

Scattering on plasmonic nanostructures arrays modeled with a surface integral formulation

The surface integral formulation is a flexible, multiscale and accurate tool to simulate light scattering on nanostructures. Its generalization to periodic arrays is introduced in this paper. The general electromagnetic scattering problem is reduced to a discretizated model using the Method of Moments on the surface of the scatterers in the unit cell. The study of the resonances of an array of bowtie antennas illustrates the main features of the method. When placed into an array, the bowtie antennas show additional resonances compared to those of an individual antenna. Using the surface integral formulation, we are able to investigate both near-field and far-field properties of these resonances, with a high level of accuracy.     

A novel femtosecond-laser formation of CdS nanocrystallites in zirconia matrices

A novel method for direct laser writing of two-dimensional cadmium sulfide (CdS) semiconductor nanoparticle microstructures is reported. A two photon or a higher-order multiphoton absorption process, originating from femtosecond laser pulses, was used to decompose CdS precursors dispersed in a zirconia thin film previously dip-coated on a glass substrate. The kinetics of nanoparticle formation as a function of laser power were monitored in situ by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy was also performed to characterize the structural changes of the zirconia matrix under irradiation and to verify the formation of CdS nanoparticles. Results show that CdS nanoparticles were formed by two-photon absorption (TPA) with or without the help of an additional carbazole photoinitiator.     

Time-dependent internal Quantum Efficiency and diffusion Modulation Transfer Function of N/P photodiodes

The minority carrier continuity equation has been solved with the Green’s function approach in a N/P photodiode under the low-level injection assumption. The analytical solution obtained with this approach depends on the three spatial coordinates and on time. The diffusion and the collection of the excess minority carriers have been studied during the transitional period corresponding to very short integration times. The internal Quantum Efficiency and the diffusion Modulation Transfer Function have been calculated according to time. The simulations showed that they evolve with time until their steady-state values. When the integration time is very short, this evolution has to be taken into account for the estimation of the sensitivity of a photodiode and the contrast on an image of a sensor based on several adjacent N/P-type photodiodes.     

Surface characterizations of fluorescent-functionalized silica nanoparticles: from the macroscale to the nanoscale

Journal of Nanoparticle Research - Fluorescent silica nanoparticles are widely used for various applications from mechanical reinforcement to biology. In many cases, their surface has to be...     

Back to the future: A retrospective assessment of model‐based scenarios for the management of the shrimp fishery in French Guiana facing global change

While the number of models dedicated to predicting the consequences of alternative resource management strategies has increased, instances in which authors look back at past predictions to learn from discrepancies between these and observed developments are scarce. In the past decades, the French Guiana shrimp fishery has experienced shrimp market globalization and decreasing levels of shrimp recruitment due to environmental changes. In 2006, a bio‐economic model of this fishery was developed to simulate its possible responses to economic and environmental scenarios up to 2016. Here, we compare here these predictions to the observed trajectories. While the number of active vessels corresponds to that which was predicted, the estimated shrimp stock does not. Important driving factors had not been anticipated, including a general strike, natural disasters, and the end of the global financial crisis. These results show the importance of participative approaches involving stakeholders in the co‐construction and shared representation of scenarios. Recommendations for resource managers

• Effective fisheries resources management and a fortiori, the capacity of the fisheries to adapt to global change, requires understanding of both ecological and economics dynamics.
• The temporal trajectory of the trawling shrimp fisheries has been well monitored, and the decline of both stock and fleet is understood regarding ecological and economic changes: Changes in the environmental conditions of shrimp recruitment, and oil price increase and selling price decrease.
• However, our bio‐economic modeling work showed that, even with a good understanding of the dynamics explaining past trajectories, unpredictable events (strike, natural disasters…) have acted as other key driving factors altering the capacity of the model to represent possible futures.
• These results led us to recommend a better integration of the expertise of social and political scientists in developing models of bio‐economic systems to increase the quality of scenario predictions, and to argue for more participative approaches involving the stakeholders.