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981.
We present applications of polar plots for analyzing fluorescence lifetime data acquired in the frequency domain. This graphical,
analytical method is especially useful for rapid FLIM measurements. The usual method for sorting out and determining the underlying
lifetime components from a complex fluorescence signal is to carry out the measurement at multiple frequencies. When it is
not possible to measure at more than one frequency, such as rapid lifetime imaging, specific features of the polar plot analysis
yield valuable information, and provide a diagnostic visualization of the participating fluorescent species underlying a complex
lifetime distributions. Data are presented where this polar plot presentation is useful to derive valuable, unique information
about the underlying component distributions. We also discuss artifacts of photolysis and how this method can also be applied
to samples where each fluorescence species shows a continuous distribution of lifetimes. Polar plots of frequency-domain data
are commonly used for analysis of dielectric relaxation experiments (Cole–Cole plots), which have proved to be exceptionally
useful in that field for decades. We compare this analytical tool that is well developed and extensively used in dielectric
relaxation and chemical kinetics to fluorescence measurements. 相似文献
982.
Five two-photon excitable dipyrrylmetheneboron difluoride labels (dipyrrylmethene-BF2 labels) with fluorescence emission maximum between 530 and 590 nm, and a frequently used rhodamine label, TAMRA, were conjugated to aminomodified oligonucleotides. The performance of the labeled oligonucleotides was studied in a separation-free nucleic acid hybridization assay using ArcDia™ TPX bioaffinity assay technology. The results show that oligonucleotide conjugates of dipyrrylmethene-BF2 labels provide higher two-photon excited fluorescence yield and better assay sensitivity than corresponding TAMRA conjugate. The effect of conjugation on photophysical properties of the labels and performance of the labeled oligonucleotides in separation-free hybridization assay is discussed. 相似文献
983.
González-Mozuelos P Yeom MS Olvera de la Cruz M 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2005,16(2):167-178
We study small rod-like molecular electrolytes solutions with
their corresponding atomic counterions. The asymptotic length
scales (decay length and wavelength) of the structural
correlations are analyzed using the formalism of the dressed
interaction site theory (DIST). The correlation functions are
determined using the reference interaction site model equation
complemented with a mixed approach in which the hypernetted-chain
closure is used for the repulsive interactions, and the mean
spherical approximation is used for the attractive interactions.
The results from this scheme are in good agreement with the Monte
Carlo computer simulations reported here. The asymptotic
properties of the correlation functions of this molecular system
are compared against those corresponding to two related simple
(atomic) electrolyte models. The main conclusion is that the
molecular structure of the ions lowers by two orders of magnitude
the concentration at which the transition from monotonic to
oscillatory decay occurs. 相似文献
984.
Zhao J Tian S Wang Q Liu X Jiang S Ji X An L Jiang B 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2005,16(1):49-56
The surface topography of thin diblock copolymer films is studied by atomic
force microscopy (AFM). With AFM an island-to-ribbon transition is observed
for symmetric polystyrene-b-poly (4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) on mica with
increasing solution concentration. Our study also demonstrates how the
formation of the pattern strongly depends on the copolymer composition based
on the volume fraction. The substrate and solvent used both have great
effects on the morphology of the thin films. Only by using highly polar
substrate (mica), can we gain regular pattern. The reason why the regular
islands cannot be obtained with symmetric PS-b-P4VP on graphite is also
explained. On mica using nonselective and selective solvents, a rather
regular pattern can be obtained. The difference is only in the solution
concentration for forming regular patterns. 相似文献
985.
Experiments by Gittings, Bandyopadhyay and Durian (Europhys. Lett. 65, 414 (2004)) demonstrate that light possesses a higher probability to propagate in the liquid phase of a foam due to total
reflection. The authors term this observation photon channelling which we investigate in this article theoretically. We first
derive a central relation in the work of Gitting et al. without any free parameters. It links the photon's path-length fraction f in the liquid phase to the liquid fraction ɛ. We then construct two-dimensional Voronoi foams, replace the cell edges by
channels to represent the liquid films and simulate photon paths according to the laws of ray optics using transmission and
reflection coefficients from Fresnel's formulas. In an exact honeycomb foam, the photons show superdiffusive behavior. It
becomes diffusive as soon as disorder is introduced into the foams. The dependence of the diffusion constant on channel width
and refractive index is explained by a one-dimensional random-walk model. It contains a photon channelling state that is crucial
for the understanding of the numerical results. At the end, we shortly comment on the observation that photon channelling
only occurs in a finite range of ɛ. 相似文献
986.
Costa AC Composto RJ Vlcek P Geoghegan M 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2005,18(2):159-166
Using neutron reflectometry, the adsorption of diblock copolymers from a neutral polystyrene (PS) matrix is studied as a function
of substrate type and non-adsorbing block degree of polymerization. The block copolymer is poly(deutero styrene)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) and the substrates are silicon oxide, SiOx, and SiOx functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). We have determined the equilibrium volume fraction-depth profiles
for such films, and compared them with volume fraction profiles generated by self-consistent mean-field (SCMF) theory and
find good agreement between the experimental and theoretical data. SCMF calculations show that the segmental interaction energy
between PS matrix chains and APTES is two orders of magnitude stronger than that between PS and SiOx. 相似文献
987.
Barchan dunes are found where sand availability is low and wind direction quite constant.
The two dimensional shear stress of the wind field and the sand movement by saltation and
avalanches over a barchan dune are simulated. The model with one dimensional shear stress is
extended including surface diffusion and lateral shear stress. The resulting final shape is
compared to the results
of the model with a one dimensional shear stress and confirmed by comparison to measurements.
We found agreement and improvements with respect to the model with one dimensional shear stress.
Additionally, a characteristic
edge at the center of the windward side is discovered which is also observed for big barchans.
Diffusion effects reduce this effect for small dunes. 相似文献
988.
We study global symmetry breaking in the 2D system of scalar nonconserved order parameter following a quench to zero temperature. We show that the instant of time when the symmetry is broken and the final morphology is chosen corresponds to the saturation of the order parameter inside the domains. There are three possible final morphologies: the positive and negative order parameter final morphology, and the state of the coexisting positive and negative order parameter subsystems with a flat interface between them. We find also that each type of the final morphology constitutes about 1/3 of all cases, what agrees with the results obtained recently by Spirin et al. [Phys. Rev. E 65, 016119 (2001)]. Our results are pertinent for the two dimensional systems, but we suspect that there is also a way to apply similar arguments for the three dimensional ones. 相似文献
989.
We present a two-dimensional model to account for the role of heat-conducting walls in the measurement of heat transport and Soret-effect-driven mass transport in transient holographic grating experiments. Heat diffusion into the walls leads to non-exponential decay of the temperature grating. Under certain experimental conditions it can be approximated by an exponential function and assigned an apparent thermal diffusivity Dth, app < Dth, s, where Dth,s is the true thermal diffusivity of the sample. The ratio Dth, app/Dth, s depends on only three dimensionless parameters, d /ls, κs/κw, and Dth, s/Dth, w. d is the grating period, ls the sample thickness, κs and κw the thermal conductivities of sample and wall, respectively, and Dth,w the thermal diffusivity of the wall. If at least two measurements are performed at different d /ls, both Dth,s and κs can be determined. Instead of costly solving PDEs, Dth,s can be obtained by finding the zero of an analytic function. For thin samples and large grating periods, heat conduction into the walls plays a predominant role and the concentration grating in binary mixtures is no longer one-dimensional. Nevertheless, the normalized heterodyne diffraction efficiency of the concentration grating remains unaffected and the true thermal and collective diffusion coefficient and the correct Soret coefficient are still obtained from a simple one-dimensional model. 相似文献
990.
Ying?HeEmail author Wenbin?Sang Jun’an?Wang Ruofeng?Wu Jiahua?Min 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2005,7(2-3):307-311
The growth of the oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods on silicon substrates based on a simple novel chemical transformation and thermal hydrolysis by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as self-assembling complex polymer was introduced in this paper. All the polymers were removed after chemical oxidation and only the carbonized grid backbones remained that confines the ZnO nanorod’s diameter and enhance the absorption and diffusion of ZnO at the tips of the nanorods during growth. The ZnO nanorods are investigated by FTIR, XRD and FE-SEM. The results indicated that these nanorods have fine hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and their diameter varies from 20 to 90 nm and the length up to about 1 μm. A polymer-localized ZnO growth model is proposed, which well explains the growth behavior of ZnO nanorods.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected issue number. 相似文献