An extension of Knight's theorem on Cauchy distribution

If is a probability on , the set of distributions ofa+pX wherea,p>0 andX has distribution is called the type of . F. B. Knight has shown that if a type has no atom and if it is invariant byi:x–1/x, the type must be the Cauchy one. We show here thati can be replaced by any Cayley nonaffine function.

Crystallisation behaviour of palm oil nanoemulsions carrying vitamin E

Four emulsions were prepared using high pressure homogenisation at 300 or 1200 bar and aqueous phases containing 4.5 wt% whey proteins in mixture with 20 wt% palm oil (PO), alone (E300 and E1200), or in which 20 wt% PO was replaced by vitamin (EV300, EV1200). Thermal behaviour of bulk fat and emulsions in the absence or presence of vitamin, as monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), indicated that fat crystallisation in supercooled melt was delayed in bulk fat in the presence of vitamin and more delayed in emulsions with lower droplet sizes and containing vitamin. These results were supported by (i) isothermal DSC experiments where exothermic peaks occurred at higher holding times and (ii) dynamic DSC experiments which showed lower melting reactions in emulsions with lower droplet sizes and containing vitamin. Synchrotron X-ray scattering measurements performed simultaneously at small and wide angles on fat samples stored at 4 °C for 12 h showed co-existence of 2L and 3L longitudinal stacking in bulk fat without vitamin, and only 2L organisation of TAGs in the presence of vitamin. Trends in the proportions of α, β′, β lateral packing in lipid droplets were also observed to be more affected by the presence of vitamin rather than their size, indicating a higher rate of α → β′ → β polymorphic transformations in the presence of vitamin. Combining data obtained from DSC and X-Ray signals showed that lipid droplets with lower solid fat content, of which a higher proportion of β polymporphs, were those presenting lower size and lower ability for vitamin protection against chemical degradation, which is of great interest for formulation of lipid nanoparticles as bioactive matrix carriers.     

Oxidation of aromatic lithium thiolates into sulfinate salts: an attractive entry to aryl sulfones labeled with carbon-11

[reaction: see text] Aromatic 11C-sulfones were synthesized by S alkylation of lithium arenesulfinates, which are readily available from the corresponding thiols by an oxaziridine-mediated oxidation reaction with [11C]alkyl iodides in THF/H2O (4:1) at 150 degrees C. The radiosyntheses, including purification by HPLC, were completed in an average of 35 min from the end of the bombardment with 55-76% overall radiochemical yields (decay corrected). The described procedure extends the range of accessible labeling methods.