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31.
Mathieu Albini Catherine Taillier Vincent Dalla Jérôme Blanchet Jacques Rouden 《Tetrahedron letters》2014
A dramatic improvement of our previous methodology based on a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling to access 3,3′-disubstituted H8-BINOLs using microwave heating is reported herein. These new conditions represent a large gain in term of atom-economy, reaction time, catalyst loading, and excess of reagents employed. 相似文献
32.
The objective of this paper is to examine causality and feedback relationships between primary commodity prices and US inflation. To this end, the bivariate noisy Mackey–Glass process recently developed by Kyrtsou and Labys [Evidence for chaotic dependence between US inflation and commodity prices, J. Macroecon. 28(1) (2006) 256–266] has been applied to assess this relationship. Results obtained support evidence in favour of causality, which can help to identify the influences of speculative price behaviour on inflation. 相似文献
33.
When a test sound consisting of pure tones with equal intensities is preceded by a precursor sound identical to the test sound except for a reduction in the intensity of one tone, an auditory "enhancement" phenomenon occurs: In the test sound, the tone which was previously softer stands out perceptually. Here, enhancement was investigated using inharmonic sounds made up of five pure tones well resolved in the auditory periphery. It was found that enhancement can be elicited not only by increases in intensity but also by shifts in frequency. In both cases, when the precursor and test sounds are separated by a 500-ms delay, inserting a burst of pink noise during the delay has little effect on enhancement. Presenting the precursor and test sounds to opposite ears rather than to the same ear significantly reduces the enhancement resulting from increases in intensity, but not the enhancement resulting from shifts in frequency. This difference suggests that the mechanisms of enhancement are not identical for the two types of change. For frequency shifts, enhancement may be partly based on the existence of automatic "frequency-shift detectors" [Demany and Ramos, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 833-841 (2005)]. 相似文献
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36.
Nikolaos V. Tzouras Dr. Fady Nahra Dr. Laura Falivene Prof. Dr. Luigi Cavallo Marina Saab Prof. Dr. Kristof Van Hecke Dr. Alba Collado Dr. Christopher J. Collett Prof. Dr. Andrew D. Smith Prof. Dr. Catherine S. J. Cazin Prof. Dr. Steven P. Nolan 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,26(20):4515-4519
We have been puzzled by the involvement of weak organic and inorganic bases in the synthesis of metal–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. Such bases are insufficiently strong to permit the presumed required deprotonation of the azolium salt (the carbene precursor) prior to metal binding. Experimental and computational studies provide support for a base-assisted concerted process that does not require free NHC formation. The synthetic protocol was found applicable to a number of transition-metal- and main-group-centered NHC compounds and could become the synthetic route of choice to form M–NHC bonds. 相似文献
37.
Catherine Meusburger Karl-Henning Rehren 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》2003,237(1-2):69-85
The gauge invariant observables of the closed bosonic string are quantized in four space-time dimensions by constructing
their quantum algebra in a manifestly covariant approach, respecting all symmetries of the classical observables. The quantum
algebra is the kernel of a derivation on the universal enveloping algebra of an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra. The search
for Hilbert space representations of this algebra is separated from its construction, and postponed.
Received: 26 February 2002 / Accepted: 5 September 2002
Published online: 28 March 2003
RID="⋆"
ID="⋆" The article is based on the diploma thesis of the first author (C.M.) [1] under the supervision of K. Pohlmeyer, Universit?t
Freiburg, completing a project by the second author (K.-H.R.) lying dormant since around 1987.
RID="⋆⋆"
ID="⋆⋆" Present address: Dept. of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK. E-mail:C.Meusburger@ma.hw.ac.uk
Communicated by H. Araki, D. Buchholz and K. Fredenhagen 相似文献
38.
Summary Polyamines and polyamine conjugates display a diverse range of important biological functions, ranging from antibiotics to immunosuppressants and glutamate receptor antagonists. For these reasons, polyamines provide an excellent template/scaffold for combinatorial chemistry. In this paper we present methods for the solid-phase immobilisation of polyamines for use in synthetic and combinatorial chemistry and describe how they have been employed in the preparation of a number of important polyamine conjugates and polyamine libraries. Thus, we have designed, synthesised and utilised a number of polyamine linkers for both solution and resin screening combinatorial application. 相似文献
39.
Piotr Fryzlewicz Catherine Timmermans 《Journal of computational and graphical statistics》2016,25(3):879-898
We propose the shape-adaptive Haar (SHAH) transform for images, which results in an orthonormal, adaptive decomposition of the image into Haar-wavelet-like components, arranged hierarchically according to decreasing importance, whose shapes reflect the features present in the image. The decomposition is as sparse as it can be for piecewise-constant images. It is performed via a stepwise bottom-up algorithm with quadratic computational complexity; however, nearly linear variants also exist. SHAH is rapidly invertible. We show how to use SHAH for image denoising. Having performed the SHAH transform, the coefficients are hard- or soft-thresholded, and the inverse transform taken. The SHAH image denoising algorithm compares favorably to the state of the art for piecewise-constant images. A clear asset of the methodology is its very general scope: it can be used with any images or more generally with any data that can be represented as graphs or networks. 相似文献
40.
Bongjin Simon Mun Joonseok Yoon Sung-Kwan Mo Kai Chen Nobumichi Tamura Catherine Dejoie 《Phase Transitions》2013,86(10):941-946
The metal insulator transition (MIT) characteristics of macro-size single-domain VO2 crystal were investigated. At the MIT, the VO2 crystal exhibited a rectangular shape hysteresis curve, a large change in resistance between the insulating and the metallic phases, in the order of ~105, and a small transition width (i.e. temperature difference before and after MIT) as small as 10?3°C. These MIT characteristics of the VO2 crystals are discussed in terms of phase boundary motion and the possibility of controlling the speed of the phase boundary, with change in size of crystal, is suggested. 相似文献