Asymmetric synthesis of trans-2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid and trans-3,4-piperidinedicarboxylic acid derivatives

Asymmetric syntheses of (2S,3S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid (1b), (3R,4S)-4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-piperidinecarboxylic acid (2b), and their corresponding N-Boc and N-Cbz protected analogues 8a,b and 17a,b are described. Enantiomerically pure 1b has been synthesized in five steps starting from L-aspartic acid beta-tert-butyl ester. Tribenzylation of the starting material followed by alkylation with allyl iodide using KHMDS produces the key intermediate 5a in a 6:1 diastereomeric excess. Upon hydroboration, the alcohol 6a is oxidized, and the resulting aldehyde 7 is subjected to a ring closure via reductive amination, providing 1b in an overall yield of 38%. Optically pure 2b has been synthesized beginning with N-Cbz-beta-alanine. The synthesis involves the induction of the first stereogenic center using Evans's chemistry and sequential LDA-promoted alkylations with tert-butyl bromoacetate and allyl iodide. Further elaboration by ozonolysis and reductive amination affords 2b in an overall yield of 28%.     

Copper(II) chloride complexes with multimodal ligands based on the cyclotriphosphazene platform

The reaction of hexakis(2-pyridyloxy)cyclotriphosphazene (L) and hexakis(4-methyl-2-pyridyloxy)cyclotriphosphazene (MeL) with copper(ii) chloride afford the complexes [CuLCl(2)], [(CuCl(2))(2)(MeL)], [CuLCl]PF(6) and [Cu(MeL)Cl]PF(6). The single-crystal X-ray structure of [CuLCl(2)] shows the copper ion to be in a square based pyramidal distorted trigonal bipyramidal (SBPDTBP) environment (tau= 0.47) with L acting as a kappa(3)N donor, coordinating via the nitrogen atoms from two non-geminal pyridyloxy pendant arms, a nitrogen atom in the phosphazene ring and two chloride ions. In the dimetallic complex, [(CuCl(2))(2)(MeL)], the geometry about both (symmetry related) copper(ii) centres is also SBPDTBP (tau= 0.57) with a 'N(3)Cl(2)' donor set. In the monocation of [CuLCl]PF(6), L acts as a kappa(5)N donor, bonding to the copper(ii) centre through the nitrogen atoms of four pyridyloxy pendant arms, a phosphazene ring nitrogen atom and a chloride ion to give an elongated rhombic octahedral coordination sphere. The phosphazene ring atoms remain virtually coplanar in all three structures as a consequence of the phenoxy-hinge, which links the pyridine pendant donors to the cyclotriphosphazene platform, allowing the formation of six-membered chelate rings. The spectroscopic (mass spectral, EPR and electronic) and magnetic properties of the complexes are discussed. The EPR and variable temperature magnetic susceptibility results for the dicopper complex, [(CuCl(2))(2)(MeL)], point to a very weak electronic interaction between the metal atoms.     

Aggregation of sensitizing dyes in solution and their adsorption onto silver halides

The formation of dye dimers and higher aggregates in solution as a function of dye structure and environmental variables are considered. These factors, together with silver halide composition and crystal habit, are also examined in regard to their influence on surface spectra, dye orientation and forces involved in adsorption of dyes at silver halide substrates.     

低温加氢催化剂的设计: 理论与实践

简要总结了我们在C=C及C=O双键低温加氢双金属催化剂方面的最新研究成果. 首先, 我们以环己烯加氢为探针反应, 证明了平行使用多种研究手段的重要性, 包括单晶表面的基础研究与DFT计算, 多晶表面的合成与表征, 负载型催化剂的制备与性能测试等. 其次, 总结了双金属催化剂在其他加氢反应, 如丙烯醛C=O双键的选择性加氢, 苯的低温加氢, 以及乙炔的选择性加氢等反应中的应用. 最后, 讨论了利用金属碳化物代替贵金属Pt以减少双金属催化剂中Pt用量的可能性.     

低温加氢催化剂的设计: 理论与实践

简要总结了我们在C=C及C=O双键低温加氢双金属催化剂方面的最新研究成果. 首先, 我们以环己烯加氢为探针反应, 证明了平行使用多种研究手段的重要性, 包括单晶表面的基础研究与DFT计算, 多晶表面的合成与表征, 负载型催化剂的制备与性能测试等. 其次, 总结了双金属催化剂在其他加氢反应, 如丙烯醛C=O双键的选择性加氢, 苯的低温加氢, 以及乙炔的选择性加氢等反应中的应用. 最后, 讨论了利用金属碳化物代替贵金属Pt以减少双金属催化剂中Pt用量的可能性.     

Post-Hartree-Fock studies on the structure of bis(ortho-substituted phenyl)methylenes

Long-lived triplet bisarylmethylenes are now well-known. Experimental data (primarily ESR hyperfine parameters) suggest that the carbon framework of long-lived bisarylmethylenes approaches D(2)(d)() symmetry, as ortho-substitution forces the central angle to approach 180 degrees . According to DFT modeling, the approach of the central angle to 180 degrees is accompanied by a dramatic shortening of the central CC bonds and severe quinoid distortion of the phenyl rings. In contrast, X-ray investigation of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methylene shows a structure closer to the carbene valence bond representation with less seriously distorted phenyl rings, a more acute central angle, and a longer bond from the methylene carbon to the aryl substituent. We address the difficulty of achieving a balance of cumulene and carbene character, treating the model systems diethynylmethylene, dicyanomethylene, and diisocyanomethylene by post-Hartree-Fock methods CAS and CCSD as well as DFT models, and applying the perturbation-corrected CAS methods to the chloro and methyl ortho-substituted bisphenyl carbenes.     

Fluoroalkyl-s-triazines

A series of symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted s-triazines was synthesized by condensation of fluorocarbon nitriles (Scheme II, compounds 1a-c ) and by cyclodehydration of a fluorocarbon imidoylamidine utilizing a fluorocarbon anhydride (Scheme III, compounds 2a-e ). Among the new nitriles prepared for incorporation in these reaction paths were 11-H-4,9-dioxahexadecylfluoroundecanenitrile ( 3 ) and 6-chloro-6-H-4-oxaheptafluorohexanenitrile ( 4 ), prepared by Scheme 1.     

Femtosecond study of Cu(H(2)O) dynamics

The short-time nuclear dynamics of Cu(H(2)O) is investigated using femtosecond photodetachment-photoionization spectroscopy and time-dependent quantum wave packet calculations. The Cu(H(2)O) dynamics is initiated in the electronic ground state of the complex by electron photodetachment from the Cu(-)(H(2)O) complex, where hydrogen atoms are oriented toward Cu. Several time-resolved resonant multiphoton ionization schemes are used to probe the ensuing reorientation and dissociation. Immediately following photodetachment, the neutral complex is far from its minimum energy geometry and possesses an internal energy comparable to the Cu-H(2)O dissociation energy and undergoes both large-amplitude H(2)O motion and dissociation. Dissociation is observed to occur on three distinct time scales: 0.6, 8, and 100 ps. These results are compared to the results of time-dependent J=0 wave packet calculations, propagating the initial anion vibrational wave functions on the ground-state potential of the neutral complex. An excellent agreement is obtained between the experimental results and the ionization signals derived from the calculated probability amplitudes. Related experiments and calculations are carried out on the Cu(D(2)O) complex, with results very similar to those of Cu(H(2)O).     

Organoselenium chemistry : A study of intermediates in the fragmentation of aliphatic ketoselenoxides. Characterization of selenoxides,selenenamides and selenolseleninates by 1H-,13C-and 77Se-NMR

A series of β-ketoselenenic acids was generated at low temperature ( - 20° to - 50°) by selenoxide syn elimination of appropriate selenoxides (13-ox, 16-ox, 35-ox, 38-ox, and 39-ox). No evidence for the buildup of significant concentrations of selenenic acid was obtained. A selenolseleninate (15, 2,2' - diseleno - bis(1 - phenyl - 2 - methyl -1 - propanone) - Se - oxide) was detected as an intermediate in the decomposition of 13-ox and 16-ox. This compound, which is stable in solution below - 50° was charaeterized by NMR spectroscopy (¹H, ¹³C,⁷⁷Se) and by its thermal decomposition and reactions with phosphite (reduction to diselenide 6) and dialkylamines (formation of selenenamide 11). Decomposition of 15 in the presence of dibenzylamine resulted in trapping of a selenenic acid-like species (RSeSeOH) to give RSeSeN(CH₂Ph)₂ (R = PhC(O)C(CH₃)₂). Although 15 could not be prepared by oxidation of diselenide 6, it was possible to prepare a cyclic selenolseleninate (4,4-dimethyl-1,2-diselenolane monoxide, 20) by oxidation of the related diselenide (19). Attempts to prepare more stable aliphatic selenenic acids by blocking the principal decomposition pathway of 15 were not successful. Thus 1 - benzoyl -1 - cyclopropaneselenenic acid was generated from 35-ox and 38-ox and 1 - benzoyl - 2,2 - dimethylcyclopropaneselenenic from 39-ox. The former underwent normal disproportionation (to 36 and 37) even when prepared at -49°. The latter gave what appeared to be a selenolseleninate (40) which again disproportionated at -17°.