Reactions of ketenes with ethoxyalkynes: Synthesis of 2,2,4-trialkylcyclobutane-1,3-diones

Treatment of dimethyl ketene with ethoxyacetylene 1a, 1-ethoxyoct-1-yne 1b, and 1-ethoxytetrade-1-yne 1c afforded the 3-ethoxycyclobutenones 2a–c. Hydrolysis of 2a–c with dilute hydrochloric acid gave the cyclobutane-1,3-diones 3a–c. The ¹H NMR spectra of these compounds indicate that in CDCl₃ solution 2,2-dimethylcyclobutane-1,3-dione 3a exists as the diketone, whereas the 2,2,4-trialkylcyclobutane-1,3-diones 3b and 3c exist as the monoenols.     

Infrared and Raman matrix isolation studies of methylamine

Infrared (4000-50 cm^?1) and Raman spectra are reported of methylamine, methylamine-d₁ and methylamine-d₂ trapped in argon and nitrogen matrices at 4–20 K. An anomalous intensity variation was found for the NH₂ wagging mode of methylamine isolated in nitrogen matrices, while in argon matrices the NH₂ wagging absorption exhibited a complex structure due to matrix site effects. A normal coordinate analysis was carried out using a new assignment of the NHD twisting frequency. Barriers to internal rotation in argon and nitrogen matrices, calculated from the observed torsional frequencies, are compared with the gas phase value.     

An improved cyclization protocol for the synthesis of diazabicyclo[4.3.0]alkanes

We have recently described the synthesis of diazabicyclo[4.X.0]alkanes and their use as ligands for the prostate specific membrane antigene (PSMA). The key step of our synthetic route toward these diazabicycloalkanes is an oxidative cleavage of a bicyclic diol moiety followed by the attack of a nitrogen nucleophile to the resulting intermediate bisaldehyde. We herein describe the mechanism of this ring closure and its stereochemical consequences. In addition, we report a convenient method for trapping intermediate bisaldehydes by Wittig reagents. This trapping allows the synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted proline derivatives, which are shown to be versatile precursors for functionalized diazabicycloalkane dipeptide mimetics.     

Experimental study of the concentration dependence of the soret coefficient by thermal field-flow fractionation: the case of polystyrene in decalin

Summary Thermal field-flow fractionation separates polymers with high selectivity according to their Soret coefficient,S _τ, hence, according to their molar mass, and therefore consitutes an efficeint physicochemical tool for the determination of the Soret coefficient of a given polymer in the carrier liquid from its retention time. However, the polymer concentration in the sample influences the retention time and, hence, the value ofS _τ derived from it. An experimental study of the influence of sample concentration on retention,S _τ, and peak shape was performed for the polystyrene-decalin system over a relatively large temperature domain and for various molar masses. It is found that the retention time and the value ofS _τ increase with increasing sample concentration, the more so as the cold wall temperature is lower. This appears to be in contradiction with the general non-equilibrium thermodynamic expression derived for polymer-solvent systems with positive second virial coefficients, such as the present system over the temperature range investigated. There seems to be a temperature for which the dependence ofS _τ on sample concentration vanishes. This temperature is about 375 K for the polystyrene-decalin system. As the sample concentration increases, the peak barycentre and the standard deviation increases. As the peaks are fronting, the skewness is negative and becomes more negative as the sample concentration increases. The peak skewness appears to be a good indicator of the onset of sample concentration effects. The threshold concentration, for which these effects begin to become significant, decreases with increasing molar mass.     

Sensitive determination of diquat by a kinetic method using the stopped-flow mixing technique

A simple, sensitive, selective, fast and inexpensive assay for the determination of diquat is proposed. The method is based on the reduction of the herbicide to a strongly fluorescent monocation radical with sodium dithionite. The initial rate of this reaction is directly proportional to the diquat concentration. The stopped-flow mixing technique was used because the kinetic data can be obtained in only 7 s, meaning that the method can be automated. The calibration graph is linear over the range 5-500 ng ml-1 and the precision (RSD) is close to 1.2%. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by determining the herbicide in different kinds of samples.     

Solid state radioluminescent lighting

We have demonstrated novel types of tritium-powered, solid-phase radioluminescent (RL) light sources. These lights include: (1) all-organic formulations comprised of polystyrene and fluorescent organic dyes; (2) polydimethylsiloxane-based systems incorporating inorganic phosphors; and (3) inorganic aerogel-based systems doped with phosphors. Three principal design consideration for these new RL lights are described. These include: (1) incorporation of tritium into the solid matrix; (2) molecular engineering to maximize light-output efficiency; and (3) strategies for increasing longevity. The advanced RL lights, which are of interest due to potential advantages in efficiency, brightness and safety, are being developed for emergency lighting uses and for battery and lighting applications in remote locations.     

Reaction of the carbonate radical with substituted anilines

Rate constants for the reaction of carbonate radical with aniline and some parasubstituted anilines have been determined by the flash photolysis technique. Using σ⁺ para values the rate constants at pH 8.5 correlate very well with the Hammett equation yielding ρ= − 1. The carbonate radical oxidises aniline giving the anilino radical. The products so formed have been identified through studies under conditions of continuous irradiation.     

Evaluation of the complexity of charge recombination kinetics in photosynthetic bacteria

Abstract Improvements in instrumentation and methodology have allowed us to collect data of high signal to noise and reliability on the kinetics of recovery of both light-induced absorbance changes and ESR signals at 95 K. The results obtained by the two methods are identical and can not be fit with a single exponential curve. The decay kinetics can be fit well with three exponential components which represent 85, 9 and 6% of the total change with rate constants of 29 s⁻¹, 69 s⁻¹ and 2.3 s⁻¹, respectively. An interesting effect by molecular oxygen on the relaxation time of the donor cation radical was found by ESR measurements at low temperatures and higher microwave power. This interaction with oxygen could be blocked by addition of small amounts (e.g. 0.05%) of organic solvents such as ethanol. A variety of systems were examined including R. rubrum whole cells and chromatophores prepared from R. rubrum and Rps. sphaeroides. R. rubrum chromatophore samples were examined at high and low light intensities, at pH values from 6 to 10, in the presence and absence of air and after equilibration in D₂O media. In all cases, the same decay kinetics were observed. It seems possible that the observed complex decay may be a characteristic of phototraps of all photosynthetic material and reflect fundamental structural and functional features yet to be uncovered.     

On the role of collective and local molecular fluctuations in the relaxation of proton intrapair dipolar order in nematic 5CB

We investigate the role that local motions and slow cooperative fluctuations have on the relaxation of the intrapair dipolar order in the nematic 5CB. With this purpose we present a theoretical and experimental systematic study which allow us to quantify the contribution from each type of molecular fluctuation to the intrapair dipolar order relaxation time, T(1D). The experimental work includes measurements of Zeeman and intrapair dipolar order relaxation times (T(1Z) and T(1D)) as a function of temperature at conventional NMR frequencies, in three complementary samples: normal and chain deuterated 4-n-pentyl-4(')-cyanobiphenyl (5CB and 5CB(d11)) and a mixture of normal 5CB and fully deuterated 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB(d19)), 50% in weight. Additionally we perform T(1Z) field-cycling Larmor frequency-dependent measurements to obtain the spectral density of the cooperative fluctuations. The obtained results are as follows. (a) The cooperative molecular fluctuations have a strong relative weight in the relaxation of the intrapair dipolar order state, even at Larmor frequencies in the range of conventional NMR. (b) Alkyl chain rotations are an important relaxation mechanism of the intrapair dipolar order at megahertz frequencies. (c) Intermolecular fluctuations mediated by translational self-diffusion of the molecules is not an efficient mechanism of relaxation of the intrapair dipolar order.     

A direct analysis of the dispersion equation in birefringent optical fibres

Weakly-guiding, anisotropic step-index fibres are considered in the case where the permittivity tensor is everywhere diagonalized in the axes of the fibre. A method is shown which allows one to derive a mode and its dispersion equation with arbitrary accuracy in terms of the powers of the weak-guiding parameter. The method is applied to the derivation of the leakage loss of they-polarized LP₀₁ mode when _x>_y.