Benzophenone photoreduction by heteroatom-containing donors

Nanosecond flash photolysis has been carried out on benzophenone solutions in benzene and acetonitrile in presence of oxygen- and sulfur-containing reductants such as anisole, thioanisole, dibutyl sulfide and methyl 2-octyl ether. The quantum yield of ketyl formation is compared to previous results on the quantum yields of the final benzophenone disappearance. This comparison is also related to previous data on benzophenone reduction by nitrogen-containing reductants such as amines and amides and suggests a general mechanism for benzophenone photoreduction by heteroatom-containing donors.     

Reaction de Cycloaddition dipolaire-1,3-des thiazolones et des selenazolones mesoioniques avec l'acetylene dicarboxylate de methyle—II: Influence de la nature des substituants sur la reactivite observee et sur la nature des produits obtenus

Mesoionic thiazolones and selenazolones react with dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate to give thiophenes or pyridones. We show that the reactivity of the mesoionic thiazolones towards dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate may be explained by second order perturbation theory, limited to frontier orbitals. The influence of the temperature and of the nature of the substituants on the evolution of the primary cycloadduct can be explained by a competition between a retro Diels-Alder reaction giving a thiophene and a desulfurisation or a deselenurisation giving a pyridone.     

Biochemical studies of current environmental levels of trace elements: Cyclotron production of radiothallium and its use for metabolic investigations on laboratory animals

Carrier-free^201+202Tl have been produced in the cyclotron by (p, xn) reactions on mercury targets and used as a trcer for thallium in metallobiochemistry of heavy metal pollution. The separation of^201+202Tl radioisotopes from Hg involved a solvent extraction method leading to labelled univalent Tl(I) ions. This radioactive solution was used to prepare different^201+202Tl labelled compounds such as inorganic Tl(III) ions and organic dimethylthallium. Quality controls have been applied directly on the different radioactive solutions immediately before their administrations to rats in order to ensure that thallium had the chemical form expected. A summary of the main results concerning different aspects of the metabolic investigations on rats such as absorption, retention, excretion, transplacental transport and influence of the different chemical forms of thallium on its metabolism is also reported.     

Acidic peroxo salts. A new class of initiators for vinyl polymerization. I. Kinetics of polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by potassium monopersulfate catalyzed by Ag(I)

The kinetics of polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by KHSO₅ and catalyzed by Ag(I) have been investigated in an aqueous medium over the temperature range of 35–50°C. The rates of polymerization R_p have been calculated and studied with respect to monomer and initiator. The catalytic activity of various metal ions on the initiator has been determined from a comparison of R_p values. The effects of monomer, catalyst, neutral salts, various amines, and inhibitor (hydroquinone) on the initial rate as well as maximum conversion have been studied. From the kinetics results a suitable reaction scheme has been proposed.     

Phase diagram and X-ray diffraction analysis of the acrylic acid–acrylamide system

The phase diagram of the acrylic acid–acrylamide system as determined by DTA and the supporting x-ray diffraction data are presented. This diagram shows that the system forms a 1 : 1 addition compound which decomposes above 0°C. There is also one eutectic point at a 67 mole-% acrylic acid composition.     

Cyclic imides III. A study of the hydroxy- and methoxyphthalimidoacetic acids and the methyl methoxyphthalimidoacetates

The hydroxy- and methoxyphthalimidoacetic acids and the methyl methoxyphthalimidoacetates have been synthesized. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of these compounds in 95% ethanol, aqueous acid, and aqueous base are discussed. Structures are suggested for the hydroxy- and methoxyphthalamate ions which are formed in basic solution. The Gabriel-Colman rearrangements of methyl 3- and 4 - methoxyphthalimidoacetate give, respectively, 8-methoxy-4-hydroxy-3 - carbomethoxy-1(2H)-isoquinolone (VII) and 6-methoxy-4-hydroxy-3-carbomethoxy-1(2H)-isoquinolone (VIII).     

Water-soluble copolymers. XXV. Ion-binding studies of N-substituted acrylamide copolymers using potentiometric and spectroscopic methods

Spectroscopic and potentiometric methods have been used to study the ionic properties of several N-substituted acrylamide copolymers that display unusual ion-binding character. The ionic groups and the amide groups (both on the same repeating unit and on adjacent acrylamide units) in the copolymers are found to chelate calcium ions. The stabilizing effect of this amide chelation is found to be dependent on copolymer composition. A model is proposed to explain the unusual binding behavior of the acrylamide polymers. This involves the formation of an intramonomer chelate or one with neighboring acrylamide units that prevent precipitation of the polymers.     

The influence of “two-phase” synthesis conditions on blown film extrusion of LDPE

LDPE synthesized under two-phase conditions is known to have a good balance of blown film properties. Good optical properties and high impact strength are characteristic for two-phase LDPE grades. In order to obtain systematic information, LDPE was synthesized at several different pressures with two different melt index levels. Blown film was extruded at different output rates and melt temperatures. The influence on haze and dart drop impact was studied. Two-phase conditions were found to improve haze and dart drop impact and the improvement was impressive, especially for the low melt index grades. By increasing the output rate, the dart drop values were further improved. The influence of melt temperature on dart drop impact goes through an optimum and overall haze decreases with increasing melt temperature. For films made from two-phase grades, dart drop impact decreases as internal haze increases. For corresponding internal haze values, the films made from single-phase grades have lower dart drop values and they are somewhat scattered.     

A new technique for the identification of chloride ions by the formation of chromyl chloride

Summary A new technique is described for the identification of the chloride ion through the formation of chromyl chloride, based on the extraction of the latter with carbon tetrachloride. The identification limit is 2g of chloride. It is possible to carry out the test in the presence of many other anions, including fluoride, which cannot be present when the traditional distillation technique is employed.

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Zusammenfassung Vorgeschlagen wird eine neue Technik zum Chloridnachweis durch Bildung von Chromylchlorid. Dieser Nachweis beruht auf der Extraktion des Chromylchlorids mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 2g Chlorid, wobei die Möglichkeit besteht, den Test auch in Gegenwart von Fluorid durchzuführen, das bei Anwendung der üblichen Destillationsmethoden nicht anwesend sein darf.