Analogs of carbohydrate-metabolism coenzymes

Conclusions We synthesized two analogs of the natural coenzyme adenosine diphosphate glucose: N₆-methyl-ADPG and N₆, N₆-dimethyl-ADPG.For communication 11, see [1].The following abbreviations are used in this article: ADPG) adenosine-5'-diphosphate-a-D-glucopyranose; N₆-methyl-ADPG) N₆-methylamino-9--D-ribofuranosylpurine-5-diphosphate--D-glucopyranose; N₆, N₆-dimethyl-ADPG) N₆, Ng-dimethylamino-9--D-ribofuranosylpurine-5-diphosphate--D-glucopyranose.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2514–2521, November, 1969.     

Interactions of silver halide sols with hydrolyzed hafnium species

Summary Coagulation and reversal of charge effects of freshly prepared and heated solutions of hafnium tetrachloride have been studied as a function of the p_H using aged silver halide sols and solsin statu nascendi. It was shown that the critical coagulation concentration and the critical stabilization concentration (due to charge reversal) increased with increasing p_H. These observations have been related to the hydrolysis of the hafnium ion. At p_H values above 4 essentially the entire amount of hafnium is present in the form of the neutral soluble, species Hf(OH)₄. This accounts for the inability of the hafnium solutions to reverse the charge of the sols at higher p_H values. The adsorption measurements carried out with the aid of the radioactive isotope¹⁸¹Hf showed that the neutral hydrolyzed species are strongly adsorbed on negatively charged silver iodide particles. The adsorbed amounts of hafnium on a AgI sol are considerably larger than in the case of charged hydrolyzed ions (such as hydrolyzed thorium ions) on a similar sol. This is explained by the ability of the neutral hafnium species, Hf(OH)₄. to form a close-packed adsorbed layer. The results confirm previous findings that the enhanced adsorption of hydrolyzed ions is caused by the presence of the hydroxyl group, whereas the ionic charge plays a negligible role in this case.

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Zusammenfassung Die Koagulations- und Umladungserscheinungen von frisch dargestellten und durch Erwärmung gealterten Lösungen von Hafniumchlorid wurden an Silberhalogenid-Solen in der Abhängigkeit vom p_H untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die kritische Koagulationskonzentration und die kritische Stabilisationskonzentration (die Umladungsgrenze) mit steigendem p_H höher werden. Diese Beobachtungen wurden durch die Hydrolyse des Hafnium-Ions erklärt. Wenn p_H>4 ist, bestcht nahezu die ganze Menge von Hafnium als neutrale, gelöste Hf(OH)₄ Moleküle. Damit wird es erklärt, daß die Silberhalogenid-Teilchen bei höheren p_H-Werten durch Hafniumsalze nicht umgeladen werden können. Die mittels des radioaktiven Isotopen¹⁸¹Hf durchgeführten Messungen zeigten, daß die neutralen Hf(OH)₄ — Moleküle stark an den negativ geladenen Silberjodid-Teilchen adsorbiert sind. Die adsorbierte Menge per Mol von AgI ist beträchtlich größer als die Menge der geladenen, hydrolysierten Ionen (wie z. B. ThOH³⁺), die an dem gleichen Sol bestimmt wurde. Dieser Effekt ist leicht erklärt, da man mit den neutralen adsorbierten Molekülen eine fest gepackte Adsorptionsschicht bilden kann. Diese Resultate bestätigen die früheren Befindungen, daß die höhere Adsorptionsfähigkeit der hydrolysierten Ionen durch die Hydroxylgruppe verursacht wird, während die Ionenladung eine zu vernachlässigende Rolle spielt.

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Supported by the U.S. Army Research Office (Durham), Grant No. DA-ARO (D)-31-124-G 656.

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Part of a PhD Thesis byL. J. Stryker, supported by a NASA Traineeship.     

Alkylierung ambidenter Heterocyclen-Anionen, 2.Mitt.: Zur Alkylierung von 4-Hydroxy-carbostyrilen

Zusammenfassung Der Lösungsmitteleinfluß bei der Alkylierung von 4-Hydroxy-carbostyrilen (1–3) mit Äthyl- bzw. Methyljodid und Allylbromid wird untersucht. Während inDMF und Äthanol fast ausschließlich O-Alkylierung zu den 4-Alkoxy-carbostyrilen (4–7) eintritt, beobachtet man in wäßr. Alkalien auch die Bildung von C,C-dialkylierten Verbindungen (8–10). 3-Äthyl-4-hydroxy-carbostyril (2) reagiert leichter mit C₂H₅J zum 3,3-Diäthyl-2,4-dioxo-tetrahydrochinolin (8) als das unsubstit. 4-Hydroxy-carbostyril (1). Einige in der Literatur als 3,3-disubstit. 2,4-Dioxo-tetrahydrochinoline formulierte Verbindungen werden als Carbostyril-4-äther erkannt.

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The influence of the solvent in the alkylation reaction of 4-hydroxyquinol-2-ones (1–3) with various alkyl halogenides has been studied.DMF and ethanol favor high yields of O-alkylated products (4–7), in aqueous alkali, however, carbon alkylation successfully competes with O-alkylation, affording a substantial amount of 3.3-disubstituted 2.4-dioxo-tetrahydro-quinolines (8–10). The reexamination of a patent showed that some compounds previously described as 2.4-dioxo-tetrahydro-quinolines actually are carbostyril-4-ethers.

     

The determination of traces of antimony,tin and arsenic in cadmium by pulse polarography

Traces of antimony, tin and arsenic in cadmium products were determined by pulse polarography. Arsenic was distilled, while antimony and tin were precipitated as hydroxides with manganese dioxide as carrier; some lead was coprecipitated with tin, hence these elements were further separated by distillation. In all cases quantitative recoveries were obtained. Antimony(III) was determined in a hydrochloric acid-sodium hypophosphite mixture, tin(IV) in a hydrochloric-hydrobromic acid mixture and arsenic(III) in sulphuric acid as supporting electrolytes; for arsenic(III), methylene blue had to be added. A sample weight of 10 g and an end volume of 10 ml allowed the determination down to about 0.004 p.p.m. antimony, 0.006 p.p.m. tin and 0.003 p.p.m. arsenic in cadmium. Several synthetic samples and commercially available cadmium products were analysed.     

Substituted dienic 1,3-dioxolan-2-ones and bis(1,3-dioxolan-2-ones)

Alkylthio-substituted dienic 1,3-dioxolan-2-ones and bis(4,4-diorganyl-5-methyli-dene-1,3-dioxolan-2-ones) were obtained in high yields by the reaction of 2-methyl-6-alkylthio-5-hexen-3-yn-2-ols and tertiary diacetylenic glycols with carbon dioxide under pressure in the presence of catalytic amounts of triethylamine and monovalent copper salts.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1617–1619, December, 1979.Original article submitted January 24, 1979.     

Abstractive chemisorption of O2 on Al(111)

We present experimental evidence that abstraction is a common mechanism (approximately 50%) in the dissociative chemisorption of oxygen on Al(111) at a translational energy of 0.5 eV. As a result of this mechanism, individual isolated O-atoms are observed in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). At this translational energy ordinary dissociative chemisorption processes also occur, resulting in pairs of adatoms. The ejected O-atoms originating from the abstraction reaction are detected in the gas phase using laser spectrometry. Together, these observations provide compelling evidence for the abstraction mechanism.     

Molecular characteristics of the inhibition of human neutrophil elastase by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) are known as clinically effective agents for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase has been thought to be a major facet of the pharmacological mechanism of NSAIDs. However, it is difficult to ascribe the antiinflammatory effects of NSAIDs solely to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Human neutrophil elastase (HNElastase; HNE, EC 3.4.21.37) has been known as a causative factor in inflammatory diseases. To investigate the specific relationship between HNElastase inhibition and specificity of molecular structure of several NSAIDs, HNElastase was purified by Ultrogel AcA54 gel filtration, CM-Sephadex ion exchange, and HPLC (with TSK 250 column) chromatography. HNElastase was inhibited by aspirin and salicylate in a competitive manner and by naproxen, ketoprofen, phenylbutazone, and oxyphenbutazone in a partial competative manner, but not by ibuprofen and tolmetin. HNElastase-phenylbutazone-complex showed strong Raman shifts at 200, 440, 1124, 1194, 1384, 1506, and 1768 cm(-1). The Raman bands 1194, 1384, and 1768 cm(-1) may represent evidences of the conformational change at -N=N-phi radical, pyrazol ring, and -C=O radical of the elastase-drug complex, respectively. Phenylbutazone might be bound to HNElastase by ionic and hydrophobic interaction, and masked the active site. Inhibition of HNElastase could be another mechanism of action of NSAIDs besides cyclooxygenase inhibition in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Different inhibition characteristics of HNE-lastase by NSAIDs such as aspirin, phenylbutazone-like drugs and ineffective drugs could be important points for drawing the criteria for appropriate drugs in clinical application.