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1.
This review highlights mutagenesis studies of terpene synthases, specifically sesquiterpene synthases and oxidosqualene cyclases. Mutagenesis studies of these enzymes have provided mechanistic insights, structure-function relationships for specific enzymatic residues, novel terpene structures and enzymes with novel activities. The literature through 2002 is reviewed and 113 references cited. 相似文献
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Noise can have a significant impact on the response dynamics of a nonlinear system. For neurons, the primary source of noise comes from background synaptic input activity. If this is approximated as white noise, the amplitude of the modulation of the firing rate in response to an input current oscillating at frequency omega decreases as 1/square root[omega] and lags the input by 45 degrees in phase. However, if filtering due to realistic synaptic dynamics is included, the firing rate is modulated by a finite amount even in the limit omega-->infinity and the phase lag is eliminated. Thus, through its effect on noise inputs, realistic synaptic dynamics can ensure unlagged neuronal responses to high-frequency inputs. 相似文献
4.
Beth Allen 《Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications》1985,109(1):279-301
A dispersion condition for traders' forecasts in a general equilibrium model with uncertainty and asymmetric information yields improved results for some (microeconomic) situations in which rational expectations equilibria need not exist. The hypothesis of suitably dispersed forecasts implies that consumers' aggregate excess demand is a continuous function and therefore a fixed point theorem may be applied to obtain a price vector (for each state of the world) such that markets clear. Stronger assumptions give existence of approximately rational expectations equilibria and the convergence of forecast distributions to rational expectations. 相似文献
5.
Mary Beth Walsh Connie M. Moss Benny G. Johnson Dale A. Holder Jeffry D. Madura 《The Chemical Educator》2002,7(6):379-383
The need for improved interactive tutoring capabilities in educational software for chemistry problem solving is an important one clearly articulated by teachers and students. To deliver the next generation of individualized interactive capabilities users demand, it is necessary to go beyond the conventional computer-assisted instruction methodology. The focus of this paper is the assessment with first-semester general chemistry students of a recently developed artificial intelligence (AI) tutor for balancing chemical equations. This is the first such assessment of an AI-based learning tool in chemistry. Students in CHEM 121 in the Fall 2001 semester at Duquesne University (N = 273) participated in the study. Students were divided into a test group that used the AI tutor as part of their study activities and a control group that did not use the tutor. It was found that the tutor improved the performance of the test group students to a statistically significant degree, helping the weakest students the most. This study establishes the feasibility of an AI-based approach to creating advanced new tutoring software for chemistry problem solving. Access to a Web-based demonstration of the equation-balancing tutor may be obtained by emailing the corresponding author. 相似文献
6.
Prefractionation of protein samples prior to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) has the potential to increase the dynamic detection range for proteomic analysis. We evaluated a membrane-based electrophoretic separation technique (Gradiflow) for its ability to fractionate an exoproteome sample from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. The sample was separated on the basis of size and charge. Buffer optimization was found to be necessary for successful size fractionation. Fractionation by charge was used to resolve the sample into four fractions that were subjected to analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Enhanced detection of low-abundance proteins with selective removal of high-abundance species was achieved. Fractionated and unfractionated samples were examined for differences in the ability to identify proteins following 2-DE using trypsin in-gel digestion followed by peptide mass fingerprinting using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Fractionated samples showed marked improvement in protein identification ability and sequence coverage. This study demonstrates the utility of the Gradiflow for fractionation, resulting in an enhancement of resolution and characterization of a moderately complex proteome. 相似文献
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Christopher A. Luckhurst Ian Millichip Beth Parker James Reuberson Mark Furber 《Tetrahedron letters》2007,48(50):8878-8882
A one-pot reaction of carboxylic acids with sulfonamides to afford sulfonylureas is described. 相似文献
9.
Dr. Allison M. Latshaw Dr. W. Michael Chance Dr. Gregory Morrison Karl D. zur Loye Branford O. Wilkins Mark D. Smith Dr. Pamela S. Whitfield Dr. Melanie J. Kirkham Dr. Sebastian A. Stoian Prof. Dr. Hans‐Conrad zur Loye 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2016,55(42):13195-13199
Crystals of the first sodalite‐type zeolite containing an all‐iron framework, a ferrolite, Ba8(Fe12O24)Nay(OH)6?x H2O, were synthesized using the hydroflux method in nearly quantitative yield. Ba8(Fe12O24)Nay(OH)6?x H2O crystallizes in the cubic space group with a=10.0476(1) Å. Slightly distorted FeO4 tetrahedra are linked to form Fe4O4 and Fe6O6 rings, which in turn yield channels and internal cavities that are characteristic of the sodalite structure. Barium, sodium, and hydroxide ions and water molecules are found in the channels and provide charge balance. Magnetic measurements indicate that the ferrolite exhibits magnetic order up to at least 700 K, with the field‐cooled and zero‐field‐cooled curves diverging. Analysis of the 57Fe Mössbauer spectra revealed two spectral components that have equal spectral areas, indicating the presence of two subsets of iron centers in the structure. Dehydrated versions of the ferrolite were also prepared by heating the sample. 相似文献
10.
Electrospray-assisted modification of proteins: a radical probe of protein structure 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Maleknia SD Chance MR Downard KM 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》1999,13(23):2352-2358
A new approach is described to probe the structure of proteins through their reactivity with oxygen-containing radicals. Radical-induced oxidative modification of proteins is achieved within an electrospray ion source using oxygen as a reactive nebulizer gas at high needle voltages. This method facilitates the rapid oxidation of proteins as the molecules emerge from the electrospray needle tip. Electrospray mass spectra of both ubiquitin and lysozyme reveal that over 50% of the protein can be modified under these conditions. The radical-induced oxidative modification of amino acid side chains is correlated with their solvent accessibility to obtain information on a protein's higher-order structure. The oxidation sites in hen lysozyme have been identified by proteolysis of the condensed protein solution and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Oxidation of tryptophan at positions 62 and 123 occurs exclusively over all other tryptophan residues, consistent with the relative solvent accessibilities of the residue side chains based on the NMR structure of the protein. Radical-induced oxidative modification of cysteine (Cys), methionine (Met), tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), proline (Pro), histidine (His), and leucine (Leu) residues is also reported, providing sufficient reactive markers to span a protein sequence. This facile oxidation process could be applied to investigate the molecular mechanism by which reactive oxygen species interact with a particular protein domain as a means to investigate the onset of certain diseases. 相似文献