X-ray crystal structure* and kinetics of oxidation of 1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecanenickel(II), [NiII(2,3,2-tet)]2+ by peroxodisulphate: Formation of a stable non-macrocyclic nickel(III) polyamine

While macrocyclic ligands are well-known to stabilize tervalent nickel, it is very unusual to form stable nickel(III)-amine species in aqueous solution. We describe the kinetics of oxidation of 1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecanenickel(II), [Ni^II(2,3,2-tet)]²⁺ by peroxodisulphate in aqueous solution to the tervalent state. The reaction follows a second order rate law, first order in [Ni^II(2,3,2-tet)]²⁺ and first order in peroxodisulphate. The activation enthalpy and entropy are 55 ± 3 kJ mol^–1 and –38 ± 10 J K^–1 mol^–1 respectively. The X-ray crystal structure of the [Ni^II(2,3,2-tet)]²⁺ cation is also described. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n. The cation has a slightly distorted square planar structure, with the bite angle of the 5-membered chelate rings being slightly less than 90°, and that of the 6-membered chelate ring being correspondingly greater than 90°.     

Controlling the Spontaneous Precipitation of Silver Nanoparticles in Sol-Gel Materials

The mechanisms responsible for spontaneous silver precipitation in silver-doped sol-gel materials are identified. The chemistry of the solvent phase is found to be the critical factor in controlling this phenomenon. The addition of HCl as catalyst leads to the formation of AgCl and subsequent formation of silver upon light exposure. Another factor leading to silver precipitation is the reducing capability of methanol radicals. Silver precipitation is inhibited by simply washing out the pore solvents by a solvent exchange method.     

Electrospinning of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) and HA/Gelatin Blends

Summary: In the present study, electrospinning of hyaluronic acid (HA) and hyaluronic acid/gelatin (HA‐GE) blends in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)/water‐mixed solvents have been investigated. When the volume ratio of DMF to water was in the range of 1.5–0.5, HA solutions could be electrospun into fibrous membranes successfully. The average diameter of HA fibers was about 200 nm. The HA‐GE composite nanofibrous membranes with varied HA/GE weight ratio in the range of 100/20–100/100 have also been successfully fabricated. The average diameter of HA‐GE fibers was in the range of 190–500 nm. The decrease in surface tension could promote fiber formation. Thus, an introduction of DMF that could decrease the surface tension distinctively, without significant change or increase in viscosity of the solution, could bypass the use of blowing‐assisted electrospinning. Our postulated picture is that the lower surface tension could help the ejection of stream with relatively high viscosity and reduce or prevent the droplet formation during the spinning process.

HA/GE (100/80) nanofibrous membrane produced by electrospinning.     

A Rapid Process for Producing Cellulose Multi‐Filament Fibers from a NaOH/Thiourea Solvent System

Summary: Cellulose was dissolved rapidly in 9.5 wt.‐% NaOH and 4.5 wt.‐% thiourea aqueous solution pre‐cooled to −5 °C to prepare a transparent solution. Novel cellulose multi‐filament fibers were spun successfully, for the first time, from the cellulose dope on an extended laboratory scale. The results from ¹³C NMR, scanning electron microscopy and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns indicated that the fibers exhibited cellulose II character and possessed a circular cross‐section and smooth surface. The tensile strength of the novel fibers reached 1.9–2.2 cN · dtex⁻¹. 2D WAXD and SAXS patterns revealed that, with a drawing progress, the orientation factor increased and mechanical properties were improved.

SEM micrographs of the novel multi‐filament fibers spun from cellulose solution in a NaOH/thiourea aqueous system pre‐cooled to −5 °C on an extended laboratory scale.     

Synthesis and Properties of Oligo-/Polymers Based on a “Flexible” Swivel-Cruciform Structure

We have introduced the concept of the so-called swivel type cruciforms as a highly flexible tool to tune the molecular properties from amorphous to highly crystalline features. Simple alkoxy substituted binaphthyl building blocks have been introduced randomly into poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) thereby suppressing the formation of side-chain crystallization. On the other hand the all aryl penta-thiophene based cruciform exhibited strong π–π interaction between the arms and gave one of the highest values reported to date for wet processed organic field effect transistors (OFETs) utilising oligothiophenes.     

Crystallization of Polystyrene‐block‐[Syndiotactic Poly(propylene)] Block Copolymers from Confinement to Breakout

Summary: Various crystalline textures have been identified in a crystallizable block copolymer system, polystyrene‐block‐[syndiotactic poly(propylene)] (PS‐sPP), having a glass‐transition temperature of PS (T_g,PS) located in the midst of the sPP crystallization window. A confined morphology for the crystallization of sPP was observed while the crystallization temperature of sPP (T_c,sPP) was less than T_g,PS. A further increase in T_c,sPP could lead to a breakout in nanostructure. This study revealed the T_g effect on crystallization‐induced morphological changes of block copolymers from confinement to breakout.

TEM images and one‐dimensional SAXS profiles of PS‐sPP isothermally crystallized at T_ODT > T_g,PS > T_c,sPP (top) and T_ODT > T_c,sPP > T_g,PS (bottom).     

Experimental study of hydraulic engine mounts using multiple inertia tracks and orifices: Narrow and broad band tuning concepts

Hydraulic engine mount tuning concepts with one inertia track and one decoupler are well understood. However, the dynamic response with multiple tracks or orifices is not. To overcome this void in the literature, dynamic tuning concepts of hydraulic engine mounts, with emphasis on multiple (n-)inertia tracks/orifices, are experimentally examined. A new prototype mount concept is designed, built, and experimentally evaluated in a controlled manner. Refined linear time-invariant models of fixed decoupler-type designs are developed to critically assess the dynamic stiffness measurements and to explore a family of alternate designs. Three narrowband devices are investigated for accurately predicting the frequencies corresponding to peak loss angles for the first time, in addition to examining and validating an n = 3 track mount. Two broadband devices are also successfully evaluated by tuning damping introduced by orifice-type tracks. A special broad-tuned design utilizing a controlled ‘leakage’ path flow area is then suggested, and the role of fluid resistance in achieving the desired performance is clarified. Finally, a production mount with unknown configuration is diagnosed using the proposed models with n tracks.