Isolation of Industrial Important Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae

Microalgae are known as a rich source of bioactive compounds which exhibit different biological activities. Increased demand for sustainable biomass for production of important bioactive components with various potential especially therapeutic applications has resulted in noticeable interest in algae. Utilisation of microalgae in multiple scopes has been growing in various industries ranging from harnessing renewable energy to exploitation of high-value products. The focuses of this review are on production and the use of value-added components obtained from microalgae with current and potential application in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, energy and agri-food industries, as well as for bioremediation. Moreover, this work discusses the advantage, potential new beneficial strains, applications, limitations, research gaps and future prospect of microalgae in industry.     

Electrophilic Organobismuth Dication Catalyzes Carbonyl Hydrosilylation

Bismuth compounds are gaining importance as potential alternatives to transition-metal complexes and electron deficient lighter p-block compounds in homogeneous catalysis. Computational analysis on the two-coordinate [(Me₂NC₆H₄)Bi]²⁺ possessing three electrophilic sites is experimentally evidenced by the isolation of [{Me₂NC₆H₄}Bi{OP(NMe₂)₃}₃][B(3,5-C₆H₃Cl₂)₄]₂. These observations led us to generate dicationic organobismuth catalyst, [(Me₂NC₆H₄)Bi(L)₃]²⁺ (L=aldehyde/ketone), evidenced by NMR spectroscopy in solution and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in the solid state. It efficiently catalyzes hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones resulting in silyl ethers as the only products in high yields. Our investigations support a carbonyl activation mechanism at the bismuth center followed by Si−H addition.     

Lagrangian finite element method for the analysis of two-dimensional sloshing problems

A new version of a numerical algorithm for the Lagrangian treatment of incompressible fluid flows with free surfaces is developed. The novel features of the present method are the adoptions of the Lagrangian finite element method and the velocity correction technique. The use of the velocity correction approach makes the computational scheme extremely simple in algorithmic structure. Hence, the present method is particularly attractive for large-scale problems. The techniques discussed here are applied to some two-dimensional sloshing problems, which may indicate the versatility and effectiveness of the present method.     

Design and fabrication of an ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometer for the study of free molecules

An ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometer for the study of free atoms and molecules has been designed and fabricated with indigeneous components. The spectrometer consists of a 100 mA HeI discharge lamp, 180° hemispherical electron energy analyser (127 mm mean dia) and electron multiplier ratemeter electron detection systems. The resolution of the spectrometer is 90 meV/and the intensity of N₂ (5σ) band is 10⁵ c/sec. The sample inlet and the collision chamber can be heated to 500 K so that solids of low vapour pressure can be studied. Typical spectra of molecules recorded with the instrument are shown. Contribution No. 373 from the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit.     

s-Prime elements in multiplicative lattices

Let be aC-lattice which is strong join principally generated. In this paper, we consider prime elements of for which every semiprimary element is primary. We show, for example, that a compact nonmaximal primep with this property is principal. We also show that if every primepm has this property, then is either a one dimensional domain or a primary lattice. It follows that if every primep satisfies the property, and if there are only a finite number of minimal primes in , then is the finite direct product of one-dimensional domains and primary lattices.     

Kinetics and mechanism of chlorination of p-aminobenzoic acid by chloramine-B

The chlorination of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) by chloramine-B (CAB) in HCl medium at 303 K indicates simultaneous catalysis by H⁺ and Cl^–. The reaction is first order in [CAB] and [HCl], but fractional order in [PABA]. The observed solvent isotope effect is 1.52. A suitable mechanism is proposed.

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- (PABA) -B (CAB) HCl 303 H⁺ Cl^–. [PABA]. 1,52. .

     

Selective reduction of alkenes, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, nitroarenes, nitroso compounds, N,N-hydrogenolysis of azo and hydrazo functions as well as simultaneous hydrodehalogenation and reduction of substituted aryl halides over PdMCM-41 catalyst under transfer hydrogen conditions

Chemoselective reductions of alkenes, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, nitro and nitroso compounds, N,N-hydrogenolysis of azo and hydrazo functions as well as simultaneous reduction and hydrodehalogenation of substituted aryl halides, including bulkier substrates, were achieved by catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) using mesoporous PdMCM-41 catalyst. The yields were practically unaffected upon recycling of the catalyst. Further, the CTH process is accomplished without affecting the reduction of any other reducible functional group.     

LIGHT-INDUCED CAROTENE SYNTHESIS IN MUTANTS OF PHYCOMYCES WITH ABNORMAL PHOTOTROPISM

Mutants of Phycomyces. abnormal in their phototropic responses (the mad mutants), have been tested for their responses in light-induced carotene synthesis (LICS). The amount of carotene synthesized at any given fluence is significantly lower in the madA, madB and madD mutants than in the wild type. The amount of carotene is not lower in other mad mutants ( madC, madE, madF and madG ). The double mutant mad A madB and the triple mutant mad A madB madC show stronger effects. The wild type strain, as well as those carrying a single mad mutation ( madA and madB ) or those carrying two or three mad mutations ( madA madB. madA madB madC ) show closely similar sensitivity to LICS. This contrasts with phototropism and photoinitiation of sporangiophores which are sensitive to extremely small signals in the wild type and in which the madA mutation decreases the sensitivity by nearly a factor of 10⁴ and madB mutation by a factor of 10⁵. It appears that LICS does not share the signal amplification mechanisms characteristic of the other two responses.     

A homology/ab initio hybrid algorithm for sampling near‐native protein conformations

One of the major challenges for protein tertiary structure prediction strategies is the quality of conformational sampling algorithms, which can effectively and readily search the protein fold space to generate near‐native conformations. In an effort to advance the field by making the best use of available homology as well as fold recognition approaches along with ab initio folding methods, we have developed Bhageerath‐H Strgen, a homology/ab initio hybrid algorithm for protein conformational sampling. The methodology is tested on the benchmark CASP9 dataset of 116 targets. In 93% of the cases, a structure with TM‐score ≥ 0.5 is generated in the pool of decoys. Further, the performance of Bhageerath‐H Strgen was seen to be efficient in comparison with different decoy generation methods. The algorithm is web enabled as Bhageerath‐H Strgen web tool which is made freely accessible for protein decoy generation ( http://www.scfbio‐iitd.res.in/software/Bhageerath‐HStrgen1.jsp ). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.