Unsteady mixed convection on the stagnation-point flow adjacent to a vertical plate with a magnetic field

An analysis is performed to study the unsteady combined forced and free convection flow (mixed convection flow) of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid in the vicinity of an axisymmetric stagnation point adjacent to a heated vertical surface. The unsteadiness in the flow and temperature fields is due to the free stream velocity, which varies arbitrarily with time. Both constant wall temperature and constant heat flux conditions are considered in this analysis. By using suitable transformations, the Navier–Stokes and energy equations with four independent variables (x, y, z, t) are reduced to a system of partial differential equations with two independent variables (, ). These transformations also uncouple the momentum and energy equations resulting in a primary axisymmetric flow, in an energy equation dependent on the primary flow and in a buoyancy-induced secondary flow dependent on both primary flow and energy. The resulting system of partial differential equations has been solved numerically by using both implicit finite-difference scheme and differential-difference method. An interesting result is that for a decelerating free stream velocity, flow reversal occurs in the primary flow after certain instant of time and the magnetic field delays or prevents the flow reversal. The surface heat transfer and the surface shear stress in the primary flow increase with the magnetic field, but the surface shear stress in the buoyancy-induced secondary flow decreases. Further the heat transfer increases with the Prandtl number, but the surface shear stress in the secondary flow decreases.     

Nonsimilar incompressible laminar boundary-layer flows in micropolar fluids

Summary The solution of the steady laminar incompressible nonsimilar boundary-layer problem for micropolar fluids over two-dimensional and axisymmetric bodies has been presented. The partial differential equations governing the flow have been transformed into new co-ordinates having finite range. The resulting equations have been solved numerically using implicit finite-difference scheme. The computations have been carried out for a cylinder and a sphere. The results indicate that the separation in micropolar fluids occurs at earlier streamwise locations as compared to Newtonian fluids. The skin friction and velocity profiles depend on the shape of the body and are almost insensitive to microrotation or coupling parameter, provided the coupling parameter is small. On the other hand, the microrotation profiles and microrotation gradient depend on the microrotation parameter and they are insensitive to the coupling parameter.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird die Lösung des stationären Grenzschichtproblems inkompressibler mikropolarer Flüssigkeiten für den Fall der Nichtähnlichkeit bei zweidimensionalen und achsensymmetrischen Körpern vorgelegt. Die dem Problem zugrunde liegenden partiellen Differentialgleichungen werden durch Einführung neuer Koordinaten auf ein endliches Gebiet transformiert. Die so erhaltenen Gleichungen werden mit Hilfe eines impliziten Differenzenverfahrens numerisch gelöst. Die Rechnung wird für den Zylinder und die Kugel durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Grenzschichtablösung früher erfolgt als bei vergleichbaren newtonschen Flüssigkeiten. Wandreibung und Geschwindigkeitsprofile hängen von der Gestalt des Körpers ab und sind nahezu unempfindlich gegen Mikrorotation und Kopplungsparameter, vorausgesetzt, daß der letztere klein ist. Dagegen hängen das Profil und der Gradient der Mikrorotation vom Parameter der Mikrorotation ab und sind ebenfalls unempfindlich gegen die Kopplungsparameter.

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With 6 figures     

Non-linear studies of orthotropic shallow spherical shells on elastic foundation

Governing non-linear integro-differential equations for cylindrically orthotropic shallow spherical shells resting on linear Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundations, undergoing moderately large deformations are presented. Three problems, namely, non-linear static deflection response, non-linear dynamic deflection response and dynamic snap-through buckling of orthotropic shells have been investigated. The influences of material orthotropy, foundation parameters and shell-material damping on the deflection response are determined for the clamped and the simply- supported immovable edge conditions accurately. Orthotropy, foundation interaction and material damping play significant roles in improving the load carrying capacity of the shell structures.     

A simple method for simultaneous determination of basic dyes encountered in food preparations by reversed-phase HPLC

The present method utilizes a simple pretreatment step, cleanup on polyamide SPE cartridges, and HPLC resolution on reversed-phase C18 for the detection of the three basic nonpermitted dyes encountered in food matrixes. Polyamide cartridges were chosen because both acidic and basic dyes can be cleaned up due to their amphoteric nature. Analysis was performed on a reversed-phase C18 micro-Bondapak column using the isocratic mixture of acetonitrile-sodium acetate with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and a programmable lambda(max) specific visible detection to monitor colors, achieving higher sensitivity and expanded scope to test multicolor blends. All the colors showed linearity with the regression coefficient, from 0.9983 to 0.9995. The LOD and LOQ ranged between 0.107 and 0.754 mg/L and 0.371 and 2.27 mg/L or mg/kg, respectively. The intraday and interday precision gave good RSDs, and percentage recoveries in different food matrixes ranged from 75 to 96.5%. The study demonstrates that the use of a combination of a simple SPE cleanup and HPLC resolution with UV-Vis end point detection was successful in screening the presence of these three basic nonpermitted dyes individually or in blend, in a variety of food matrixes.     

Simultaneous testing for the successive differences of exponential location parameters under heteroscedasticity

In this paper, the design-oriented two-stage and data-analysis one-stage multiple comparison procedures for successive comparisons of exponential location parameters under heteroscedasticity are proposed. One-sided and two-sided simultaneous confidence intervals are also given. We also extend these simultaneous confidence intervals for successive differences to a larger class of contrasts of the location parameters. Upper limits of critical values are obtained using the recent techniques given in Lam [Lam, K., 1987. Subset selection of normal populations under heteroscedasticity. In: Proceedings of the Second International Advanced Seminar/Workshop on Inference Procedures Associated with Statistical Ranking and Selection, Sydney, Australia; Lam, K., 1988. An improved two-stage selection procedure. Communications in Statistics Simulation and Computation. 17 (3), 995-1006]. These approximate critical values are shown to have better results than the approximate critical values using the Bonferroni inequality developed in this paper. Finally, the application of the proposed procedures is illustrated with an example.     

Chitosan nanoparticles of 5-fluorouracil for ophthalmic delivery: characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo study

The aim of this investigation was to develop 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CH-DNPs) for ophthalmic delivery. CH-DNPs were fabricated by ionotropic gelation mechanism using chitosan (CH) and a polyanion (TPP). The nanoparticles were smooth and spherical, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). CH/TPP mass ratio and TPP significantly changed the particles size morphology and encapsulation efficiency. The nanoparticles size ranged from approximately 114 to 192 nm and had a positive zeta potential (30±4 mV). The encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and recovery of DNPs were 8.12-34.32%, 3.14-15.24% and 24.22 to 67% respectively. Physical characterization was done by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). No interaction was observed in between drug and polymer and crystallinity of drug was not changed in drug loaded nanoparticles. In-vitro release study of DNPs showed diffusion controlled release. Bioavailability study of batch CS9 was studied in rabbit eye and compare to 5-FU solution. 5-FU level was significantly higher in aqueous humor of rabbit eye. Ocular tolerance was studied in the eye of New Zealand rabbits and tested formulation was non-irritant with no sign of inflammation.     

Cooperative effects in the oxidation of CO by palladium oxide cations

Cooperative reactivity plays an important role in the oxidation of CO to CO(2) by palladium oxide cations and offers insight into factors which influence catalysis. Comprehensive studies including guided-ion-beam mass spectrometry and theoretical investigations reveal the reaction products and profiles of PdO(2)(+) and PdO(3)(+) with CO through oxygen radical centers and dioxygen complexes bound to the Pd atom. O radical centers are more reactive than the dioxygen complexes, and experimental evidence of both direct and cooperative CO oxidation with the adsorption of two CO molecules are observed. The binding of multiple electron withdrawing CO molecules is found to increase the barrier heights for reactivity due to decreased binding of the secondary CO molecule, however, reactivity is enhanced by the increase in kinetic energy available to hurdle the barrier. We examine the effect of oxygen sites, cooperative ligands, and spin including two-state reactivity.     

Origin of ultrafast excited state dynamics of 1-nitropyrene

Time-resolved emission measurements in subpicosecond time domain have been carried out for 1-nitropyrene in different solvents to understand the mechanism for the observed ultrafast decay of its first excited singlet state. Excited-state dynamics of 1-nitropyrene is found to be independent of the solvent viscosity. This result contradicts the proposition in the literature (J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 552) that the ultrafast decay in 1-nitropyrene is due to the large amplitude torsional motion of the nitro group around the pyrene moiety. Excited-state dynamics of 1-nitropyrene in solvents with different dielectric constants shows that excited-state lifetime suddenly increases after a certain value of the dielectric constant. Detailed quantum chemical calculations have been carried out to understand the process that is responsible for the observed effect of the dielectric constant on the excited-state dynamics of 1-nitropyrene. It is seen that the excited-state lifetime and the singlet-triplet energy gap follow similar variation with the dielectric constant of the medium. Such a correlation between the excited-state lifetime and the singlet-triplet energy gap supports the fact that the observed ultrafast decay for 1-nitropyrene is due to an efficient intersystem crossing rather than to the torsional motion of the nitro group as proposed in the literature.     

A nano-confined charged layer defies the principle of electrostatic interaction

The reactivity between two charged molecules and the activity of charged biomolecules are mainly governed by the principle of electrostatic interaction, i.e., like charges repel and opposite charges attract. In the present study it is shown that the principle of electrostatic interaction is violated in the nano-confined biomimetic environment. Thus a positively charged molecule shows more preference to a positively charged surface compared to a negatively charged surface.