Emission Mössbauer studies of the magnetoresistive compound, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3

The magnetic behavior of the Sr_0.3 manganite is studied using a local microprobe, ⁵⁷Co. In contrast with Ca substituted manganites, a much larger fraction of the material exhibits short-range order with superparamagnetic-like behavior even at 80 K. The differences in behavior are attributed to the large mismatch between the ionic radii of La⁺³ and the divalent substituent Sr⁺², which introduces anharmonicity in local vibrations. In common with all other compounds exhibiting negative bulk magnetoresistivity, the Sr_0.3 compound also exhibits very marked softening of lattice as one approaches T_c from below. Application of an external magnetic field results in coalescing of nanosized magnetic clusters to form larger ones with better alignment of spins.     

Mixed convection flow over a vertical plate with localized heating (cooling), magnetic field and suction (injection)

An analysis is carried out to study the effects of localized heating (cooling), suction (injection), buoyancy forces and magnetic field for the mixed convection flow on a heated vertical plate. The localized heating or cooling introduces a finite discontinuity in the mathematical formulation of the problem and increases its complexity. In order to overcome this difficulty, a non-uniform distribution of wall temperature is taken at finite sections of the plate. The nonlinear coupled parabolic partial differential equations governing the flow have been solved by using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The effect of the localized heating or cooling is found to be very significant on the heat transfer, but its effect on the skin friction is comparatively small. The buoyancy, magnetic and suction parameters increase the skin friction and heat transfer. The positive buoyancy force (beyond a certain value) causes an overshoot in the velocity profiles.A mass transfer constant - B magnetic field - C_fx skin friction coefficient in the x-direction - C_p specific heat at constant pressure, kJ.kg^–1.K - C_v specific heat at constant volume, kJ.kg^–1.K^–1 - E electric field - g acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m.s^–2 - Gr Grashof number - h heat transfer coefficient, W.m².K^–1 - Ha Hartmann number - k thermal conductivity, W.m^–1.K - L characteristic length, m - M magnetic parameter - Nu_x local Nusselt number - p pressure, Pa, N.m^–2 - Pr Prandtl number - q heat flux, W.m^–2 - Re Reynolds number - Re_m magnetic Reynolds number - T temperature, K - T_o constant plate temperature, K - u,v velocity components, m.s^–1 - V characteristic velocity, m.s^–1 - x,y Cartesian coordinates - thermal diffusivity, m².s^–1 - coefficient of thermal expansion, K^–1 - , transformed similarity variables - dynamic viscosity, kg.m^–1.s^–1 - ₀ magnetic permeability - kinematic viscosity, m².s^–1 - density, kg.m^–3 - buoyancy parameter - electrical conductivity - stream function, m².s^–1 - dimensionless constant - dimensionless temperature, K - w, conditions at the wall and at infinity     

Standing waves of finite amplitude on surface of ideal liquid of finite depth

The nonlinear problem of plane gravitational standing waves of finite amplitude on the surface of an ideal incompressible liquid of infinite depth has been solved analytically [1], It was also solved in [2] using a new method, in which the dimensionless velocity potential, the profile of the free surface, and the frequency were expressed as power series in the parameter , equal to the ratio between the the amplitude and the wavelength. The results of these two papers agree. Below, the method of [2] is used to study plane standing surface waves of finite amplitude on the surface of a liquid of finite depth. The frequency, the profile of the free surface, and the velocity potential are expressed as power series in the small parameter . The solution is obtained in the third approximation. An expression for the amplitude dependence of the frequency is obtained.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 38–43, March–April, 1978.     

Unsteady mixed convection with double diffusion over a horizontal cylinder and a sphere within a porous medium

The combined effects of the permeability of the medium, magnetic field, buoyancy forces and dissipation on the unsteady mixed convection flow over a horizontal cylinder and a sphere embedded in a porous medium have been studied. The nonlinear coupled partial differential equations with three independent variables have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme in combination with the quasilinearization technique. The skin friction, heat transfer and mass transfer increase with the permeability of the medium, magnetic field and buoyancy parameter. The heat and mass transfer continuously decrease with the stream-wise distance, whereas the skin friction increases from zero, attains a maximum and then decreases to zero. The skin friction, heat transfer and mass transfer are significantly affected by the free stream velocity distribution. The effect of dissipation parameter is found to be more pronounced on the heat transfer than on the skin friction and mass transfer.Untersucht wurden kombinierte Effekte der Permeabilität des Mediums, des magnetischen Feldes, der Auftriebskräfte und der Dissipation auf die instationäre Mischkonvektions-Strömung über einen horizontalen Zylinder und eine Kugel, die in einem porösen Medium eingebettet sind. Die nichtlinearen gekoppelten partiellen Differentialgleichungen mit drei unabhängigen Variablen wurden numerisch unter Benutzung eines impliziten Finite-Differenzen-Verfahrens in Verbindung mit der Quasi-Linearisierungstechnik gelöst. Die Oberflächenreibung und die Wärme- und Stoffübertragung steigen mit der Permeabilität des Mediums, dem magnetischen Feld und dem Auftriebsparameter an. Die Wärme- und Stoffübertragung fällt stetig in Strömungsrichtung ab, wohingegen die Oberflächenreibung von Null ansteigt, ein Maximum erreicht und wieder auf Null abfällt. Die Oberflächenreibung und die Wärme- und Stoffübertragung werden signifikant von der Verteilung der Freistromgeschwindigkeit beeinflut. Es wurde festgestellt, das der Dissipations-Parameter stärker die Wärmeübertragung als die Oberflächenreibung und die Stoffübertragung beeinflut.     

Gold/Palladium Alloy for Carbon–Halogen Bond Activation: An Unprecedented Halide Dependence

New catalytic activity of gold/palladium alloy nanoclusters (NCs) for carbon–halogen bond activation is demonstrated. In the case of an aryl chloride, the inclusion of gold in a bimetallic catalyst is indispensable to achieve the coupling reactions. Gold has the unique effect of stabilizing palladium, such that Pd²⁺ leached from clusters by means of spillover of chloride during oxidative addition. The thus‐formed spillover intermediate further reacts heterogeneously in both Ullmann and Suzuki‐type coupling reactions through a new type of mechanism. In the case of an aryl bromide, Ullmann coupling occurs through the spillover of bromide, similar to that of aryl chloride. However, a significant fraction of palladium also leached, which diminished the Ullmann coupling activity of the aryl bromide and, as a result, the order of reactivity was ArCl>ArBr. With regard to the activation of the C?Br bond towards a Suzuki‐type reaction, the inclusion of a higher gold content in gold/palladium clusters stabilized palladium to prevent the leaching of Pd²⁺ from the clusters by means of spillover of bromide. The spillover intermediate reacts heterogeneously with PhB(OH)₂, palladium‐rich gold/palladium, or pure palladium clusters; the oxidative addition of ArBr favors the extraction of palladium from the clusters, yielding Pd²⁺ intermediates. The extracted intermediates react homogenously (Pd^2+/Pd⁰ catalysis) with PhB(OH)₂, which results in the higher selectivity of the cross‐coupling product. An initial step to observe such unprecedented halide dependency, together with the dynamic behavior of palladium on the surface of gold is the oxidative addition of Ar?X. A detailed insight into the first oxidative addition process was also examined by quantum chemical calculations.     

Fluorescent peptide-based sensors for the ratiometric detection of nanomolar concentration of heparin in aqueous solutions and in serum

New fluorescent peptide-based sensors (1–3) for monitoring heparin in serum sample were synthesized using short peptides (1∼3mer) as a receptor. The peptide-based sensors (2 and 3) showed a sensitive ratiometric response to heparin both in aqueous buffered solution (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) and in 2% human serum sample by increase of excimer emission of pyrene at 480 nm and concomitant decrease of monomer emission of pyrene at 376 nm, whereas the peptide-based sensor 1 showed a turn off response only by decrease of monomer emission at 376 nm. 2 and 3 exhibited excellent selectivity toward heparin among various anions and competitors of heparin including chondroitin 4-sulfate (ChS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). Peptide-based sensor 3 showed a more sensitive response to heparin than 2. The detection limit of 3 was determined as 36 pM (R² = 0.998) for heparin in aqueous solution and 204 pM (R² = 0.999) for heparin in aqueous solutions containing 2% human serum. The peptide-based sensors, 2 and 3 provided a practical and potential tool for the detection and quantification of heparin in real biological samples.     

Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Transition in an Enantiopure [7]Helquat Salt: The First Observation of a Reversible Phase Transition in a Helicene‐Like Compound

Here it is reported that crystals of an enantiopure [7]helquat salt undergo reversible thermal solid–solid phase transition at 404 K. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and X‐ray diffraction analysis were used to unravel the mechanistic details of this process. The single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal course enabled direct monitoring of the structural changes by in situ variable‐temperature X‐ray diffraction, thus providing the first direct evidence of a solid phase transition in a helicene‐like compound.     

Unsteady flow with heat and mass transfer due to impingement of slot jet on an inclined plate

The unsteady laminar incompressible boundary layer flow due to a two-dimensional slot jet on a flat plate at an angle of attack has been studied. The unsteadiness in the flow field is due to the free stream velocity distribution or wall temperature (concentration) which varies with time. The governing partial differential equations in primitive variables have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme in combination with the quasilinearization technique. The effect of the variation of the free stream velocity distribution with time is found to be more pronounced on the skin friction than on the heat or mass transfer. The Prandtl number and the variation of the wall temperature with time strongly affect the heat transfer. Similarly, the Schmidt number and the variation of the concentration at the wall with time strongly affect the mass transfer. Beyond a certain critical value of the viscous dissipation parameter, the plate gets heated instead of being cooled.