Determination and confirmation of malachite green and leucomalachite green residues in salmon using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with no-discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

A liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was developed to quantitate and confirm residues of leucomalachite green (LMG) in salmon tissue after their conversion to chromic malachite green (MG) in the extraction process. The method uses no-discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in conjunction with an ion-trap instrument to generate product-ion spectra. In the sample preparation procedure, salmon tissue is extracted with acetonitrile/buffer, the LMG residue is partitioned into methylene chloride, the LMG is converted to MG using an organic oxidizing agent, and the MG is isolated on alumina/propylsulfonic acid solid-phase extraction cartridges. The method was validated by fortifying salmon with different levels of LMG, and then detecting the residue as MG The LC/MS conditions, including a comparison of electrospray and no-discharge APCI, were evaluated and optimized. MG was not confirmed in any of the control tissue extracts, and all fortified samples analyzed during validation met the confirmation criteria as described. In addition to providing confirmatory data, this method can provide an alternative method for quantitation of MG in salmon. The recoveries of LMG measured as MG by this LC/MS method, at fortification levels of 1-10 ng/g were very high (86-109%), with low relative standard deviation(RSD) values (6.4-13%). The results agreed very closely with those obtained for the same extracts using an LCNIS procedure, indicating that matrix suppression was not an issue. The presence of LMG in salmon tissue samples fortified at 0.25 ng/g was confirmed by this method, with an average recovery of 70.1% and an RSD of 12.0%. Sample extracts from fish exposed to MG were also analyzed.     

Study on the stability of noradrenaline and on the determination of its acidity constants

Noradrenaline is a catecholamine which has been largely recognised to play a very important role in biological systems. In view of the neurotransmitter's alleged importance, this work aimed at showing the influence of time on its spectral behaviour using different analytical methods and determining its acidity constants through spectrophotometric titration and by the so-called point-by-point analysis, where the samples are freshly prepared for each pH value investigated at the instant required. Because the catecholamines are light-sensitive and likely to react with the oxygen in the surrounding air, both methods used preclude its incidence onto the samples being analysed under the presence of a nitrogen atmosphere maintained over the solutions. The constants obtained through point-by-point analysis were log beta1 = 30.71+/-0.16, log beta2 = 22.00+/-0.15 and log beta3 = 11.69+/-0.16.     

Oils from Wild,Micropropagated Plants,Calli, and Suspended Cells ofEuphorbia characias L.

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Micropropagated Euphorbia characias plants gave higher yields of crude oil than did wild ones. Leaves of either wild and micropropagated plants contained...     

Complexation of the Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Nabumetone with Modified and Unmodified Cyclodextrins

The inclusion of the anti-inflammatory drug, Nabumetone, in -, - and hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin (CDs) is studied using UV-VIS absorption and steady-state fluorescence emission. Binding constants and thermodynamic parameters of complex formation are determined by spectrofluorimetry. The inclusion phenomena of Nabumetone with the three cyclodextrins is compared with that of the well known similar anti-inflammatory drug Naproxen. In the case of Nabumetone pronounced differences are observed in the complexation process with each cyclodextrin whereas the respective Naproxen complexes are nearly identical. ¹H-NMR experiments show that the inclusion process in Nabumetone can occur either through the substituents in the -2 (butanone) or -6 (methoxy) positions in the naphthalene ring.     

The spectrum of a quasiperiodic Schrödinger operator

The spectrum (H) of the tight binding Fibonacci Hamiltonian (H _mn= _m,n+1+ _m+1,n + _m,n v(n),v(n)= ((n–1)), 1/ is the golden number) is shown to coincide with the dynamical spectrum, the set on which an infinite subsequence of traces of transfer matrices is bounded. The point spectrum is absent for any , and (H) is a Cantor set for 4. Combining this with Casdagli's earlier result, one finds that the spectrum is singular continuous for 16.On leave from the Central Research Institute for Physics, Budapest, Hungary     

Kinematical and gravitational analysis of the rocket-borne clock experiment by Vessot and Levine using the revised Robertson's test theory of special relativity

The kinematic aspects of the rocket-borne clock experiment by Vessot and Levine are analyzed with the revised Robertson's test theory of special relativity (Found. Phys. 14, 625 (1984)). Besides the expected time-dilation, it is found that the intermediate steps of this experiment yield in principle Michelson-Morley type information (a relation between longitudinal and transverse length contractions) in the third order of the velocities involved, but no relativity-of-simultaneity related effects.The flat space-time test theory induces a family of spherically symmetric line elements that become the Schwarzschild line element in the relativistic case and also in theabinito rest frame of the theory. These line elements represent the same space-time manifold, but pertain in a one-to-one correspondence to the different flat space-time coordinate transformations of the test theory. The conserved energy is related to the family of local energies in the tangent plane. No deviations from the orthodoxy appear at the pertinent levels of approximation. Hence the unexplained residuals of the Vessot-Levine experiment are not due in obvious ways to kinematic and gravitational frequency shifts caused by deviations of the real coordinate transformations from the Lorentz transformations.This work was started while the author was at Departamento de Fisica, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela. It was completed at the Department of Physics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 83422.     

Revised Robertson's test theory of special relativity: Space-time structure and dynamics

The experimental testing of the Lorentz transformations is based on a family of sets of coordinate transformations that do not comply in general with the principle of equivalence of the inertial frames. The Lorentz and Galilean sets of transformations are the only member sets of the family that satisfy this principle. In the neighborhood of regular points of space-time, all members in the family are assumed to comply with local homogeneity of space-time and isotropy of space in at least one free-falling elevator, to be denoted as Robertson'sab initio rest frame [H. P. Robertson,Rev. Mod. Phys. 21, 378 (1949)].Without any further assumptions, it is shown that Robertson's rest frame becomes a preferred frame for all member sets of the Robertson family except for, again, Galilean and Einstein's relativities. If one now assumes the validity of Maxwell-Lorentz electrodynamics in the preferred frame, a different electrodynamics spontaneously emerges for each set of transformations. The flat space-time of relativity retains its relevance, which permits an obvious generalization, in a Robertson context, of Dirac's theory of the electron and Einstein's gravitation. The family of theories thus obtained constitutes a covering theory of relativistic physics.A technique is developed to move back and forth between Einstein's relativity and the different members of the family of theories. It permits great simplifications in the analysis of relativistic experiments with relevant Robertson's subfamilies. It is shown how to adapt the Clifford algebra version of standard physics for use with the covering theory and, in particular, with the covering Dirac theory.Part of this work was done at the Department of Physics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322.     

The spherical-model limit in a random field

The spherical-model limitn of then-vector model in a random field, with either a statistically independent distribution or with long-range correlated random fields, is studied to demonstrate the correctness of the replica method in which then and replica limits limits are interchanged, provided the replica and thermodynamic limits are taken in the right order, in the case of long-range correlated random fields. A scaling form for the two-point correlation function relevant to the first-order phase transition below the lower critical dimensionality of the random system is also obtained.     

Amphiphilic cyclodextrin carriers embedding porphyrins: charge and size modulation of colloidal stability in heterotopic aggregates

The interaction between the anionic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin (TPPS) and cationic vesicles formed by heptakis(2-omega-amino-O-oligo(ethylene oxide)-6-hexylthio)-beta-cyclodextrin (SC6CDNH2) has been investigated in detail through a combination of elastic light scattering (ELS), quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS), zeta potential measurements, and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. ELS experiments provided the first structural characterization of these cationic vesicles both in the absence and in the presence of TPPS porphyrin, modeling the system as a spherical particle described by a single thin shell form factor. The structure of mixed hetero-aggregates is modulated by charge and size of the two components as function of different porphyrin/cyclodextrin (CD) molar ratios. At the limiting molar ratio studied, the absolute value of zeta potential (/zeta/ = 12.5 mV) seems to be a reference value for the formation of stable colloidal CD vesicular aggregates at thermodynamic equilibrium. New insights on the structure of these heterotopic colloids have been obtained by analysis of rotational correlation times at different molar ratios exploiting time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy experiments. At high porphyrin loads, the anisotropy decays behave as monoexponentials and the rotational correlation times (1-2 ns) together with the r(0) values close to zero suggest the presence of small amounts of TPPS embedded in a hydrophobic environment either in monomeric or in aggregated form. At the lower porphyrin/CD molar ratios, the anisotropy decays exhibit a double-exponential behavior showing a predominant component with a slow rotational correlation time (20-25 ns) and limiting anisotropy values of approximately 0.15. This component has been assigned to molecules that are more stabilized onto the CD vesicles, that is, porphyrins embedded into the oligo-ethylene "wall" of the CD vesicles. Scanning near-field optical microscopy of the samples evaporated on glass surfaces gave further insights on the morphology and optical properties of these systems, confirming the embedding of TPPS on the vesicles and evidencing the role of the solvent.