Preparation and biological evaluation of radiogallium labeled glucagon for SPECT imaging

In this work, recently prepared ⁶⁷Ga-labeled glucagon (⁶⁷Ga-DTPA-GCG) for imaging studies (radiochemical purity >94%; HPLC, S.A. 296–370 GBq/mM) was used in biological studies. The wild-type rat biodistribution results, 2 h post injection, demonstrated high tissue:muscle ratios for target tissues (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, fat intestine stomach and pancreas), 234, 18.45, 7.12, 1.75, 128.7, 4.9, 6.3 and 1.11, respectively. The tracer binding capacity using freshly prepared rat brain homogenate demonstrated significant specific binding of the tracer to neuronal GCG receptors (⁶⁷Ga-DTPA-GCG/⁶⁷Ga:3 and ⁶⁷Ga-DTPA-GCG/⁶⁷GaDTPA:2.2 at 90 min). SPECT images also demonstrated target specific binding of the tracer at 4 h. The data suggests the tracer is accumulated in GCGR rich tissues 2–4 h post injection, suggesting potentials of the tracer for future imaging studies in glocagonoma models.     

Optimization of the extraction of paclitaxel from Taxus baccata L. by the use of microwave energy

A simple and rapid microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) procedure was developed and optimized for the extraction of paclitaxel (Taxol) from the needles of yew trees Taxus baccata L. grown in Iranian habitats. The samples, immersed in a methanol-water mixture, were irradiated with microwaves in a closed-vessel system. The method was evaluated using a factorial design approach based on parameters such as extraction time, temperature, methanol concentration in water (v/v), and the ratio of grams of sample to 10 mL of solvent. Statistical treatment of the results revealed that the selected parameters were all significant except the extraction time. Optimum conditions would be 1.5 g samples in 10 mL solvent (90% methanol), an extraction temperature of 95 degrees C, and an extraction time of 7 min. The extracts has been analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC/UV) at 227 nm for quantification. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for confirmation. The main advantage of the proposed MAE method versus conventional solvent extraction (CSE) are the considerable reductions in time (7 min versus 16 h) and in solvent consumption (20 mL versus 150 mL). The MAE procedure yielded extracts that could be analyzed directly without any preliminary clean-up or solvent exchange steps. Both extraction methods show RSDs lower than 10% and lead to comparable recoveries of paclitaxel (87-92%).     

Effect of hydrogen bonds on pKa values: importance of networking

The pK(a) of an acyclic aliphatic heptaol ((HOCH(2)CH(2)CH(OH)CH(2))(3)COH) was measured in DMSO, and its gas-phase acidity is reported as well. This tertiary alcohol was found to be 10(21) times more acidic than tert-butyl alcohol in DMSO and an order of magnitude more acidic than acetic acid (i.e., pK(a) = 11.4 vs 12.3). This can be attributed to a 21.9 kcal mol(-1) stabilization of the charged oxygen center in the conjugate base by three hydrogen bonds and another 6.3 kcal mol(-1) stabilization resulting from an additional three hydrogen bonds between the uncharged primary and secondary hydroxyl groups. Charge delocalization by both the first and second solvation shells may be used to facilitate enzymatic reactions. Acidity constants of a series of polyols were also computed, and the combination of hydrogen-bonding and electron-withdrawing substituents was found to afford acids that are predicted to be extremely acidic in DMSO (i.e., pK(a) < 0). These hydrogen bond enhanced acids represent an attractive class of Br?nsted acid catalysts.     

Synthetic and computational studies of the palladium(iv) system Pd(alkyl)(aryl)(alkynyl)(bidentate)(triflate) exhibiting selectivity in C-C reductive elimination

Synthetic routes to methyl(aryl)alkynylpalladium(iv) motifs are presented, together with studies of selectivity in carbon-carbon coupling by reductive elimination from Pd(IV) centres. The iodonium reagents IPh(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR)(OTf) (R = SiMe(3), Bu(t), OTf = O(3)SCF(3)) oxidise Pd(II)Me(p-Tol)(L(2)) (1-3) [L(2) = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (dmpe) (1), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (2), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (3)] in acetone-d(6) or toluene-d(9) at -80 °C to form complexes Pd(IV)(OTf)Me(p-Tol)(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR)(L(2)) [R = SiMe(3), L(2) = dmpe (4), bpy (5), phen (6); R = Bu(t), L(2) = dmpe (7), bpy (8), phen (9)] which reductively eliminate predominantly (>90%) p-Tol-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR above ～-50 °C. NMR spectra show that isomeric mixtures are present for the Pd(IV) complexes: three for dmpe complexes (4, 7), and two for bpy and phen complexes (5, 6, 8, 9), with reversible reduction in the number of isomers to two occurring between -80 °C and -60 °C observed for the dmpe complex 4 in toluene-d(8). Kinetic data for reductive elimination from Pd(IV)(OTf)Me(p-Tol)(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CSiMe(3))(dmpe) (4) yield similar activation parameters in acetone-d(6) (66 ± 2 kJ mol(-1), ΔH(?) 64 ± 2 kJ mol(-1), ΔS(?)-67 ± 2 J K(-1) mol(-1)) and toluene-d(8) (E(a) 68 ± 3 kJ mol(-1), ΔH(?) 66 ± 3 kJ mol(-1), ΔS(?)-74 ± 3 J K(-1) mol(-1)). The reaction rate in acetone-d(6) is unaffected by addition of sodium triflate, indicative of reductive elimination without prior dissociation of triflate. DFT computational studies at the B97-D level show that the energy difference between the three isomers of 4 is small (12.6 kJ mol(-1)), and is similar to the energy difference encompassing the six potential transition state structures from these isomers leading to three feasible C-C coupling products (13.0 kJ mol(-1)). The calculations are supportive of reductive elimination occurring directly from two of the three NMR observed isomers of 4, involving lower activation energies to form p-TolC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CSiMe(3) and earlier transition states than for other products, and involving coupling of carbon atoms with higher s character of σ-bonds (sp(2) for p-Tol, sp for C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-SiMe(3)) to form the product with the strongest C-C bond energy of the potential coupling products. Reductive elimination occurs predominantly from the isomer with Me(3)SiC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C trans to OTf. Crystal structure analyses are presented for Pd(II)Me(p-Tol)(dmpe) (1), Pd(II)Me(p-Tol)(bpy) (2), and the acetonyl complex Pd(II)Me(CH(2)COMe)(bpy) (11).     

Supported lipopolysaccharide bilayers

In this report, the formation of supported lipopolysaccharide bilayers (LPS-SLBs) is studied with extracted native and glycoengineered LPS from Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Salmonella enterica sv typhimurium ( S. typhimurium ) to assemble a platform that allows measurement of LPS membrane structure and the detection of membrane tethered saccharide-protein interactions. We present quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) characterization of LPS-SLBs with different LPS species, having, for example, different molecular weights, that show successful formation of SLBs through vesicle fusion on SiO(2) surfaces with LPS fractions up to 50 wt %. The thickness of the LPS bilayers were investigated with AFM force-distance measurements which showed only a slight thickness increase compared to pure POPC SLBs. The E. coli LPS were chosen to study the saccharide-protein interaction between the Htype II glycan epitope and the Ralstonia solanacearum lectin (RSL). RSL specifically recognizes fucose sugars, which are present in the used Htype II glycan epitope and absent in the epitopes LPS1 and EY2. We show via fluorescence microscopy that the specific, but weak and multivalent interaction can be detected and discriminated on the LPS-SLB platform.     

Efficient RuIII-catalyzed synthesis of 9-aryl-9H-xanthene-3,6-diols as precursors to fluorones

Efficient condensation of resorcinol and various aromatic aldehydes in the presence of RuCl₃nH₂O as a homogeneous catalyst under reflux conditions was investigated.It was found that a very simple method afforded good to excellent yields of the desired products.     

Molecular structure and character of bonding of mono and divalent metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Cu+) with guanosine: AIM and NBO analysis

The B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) density functional approach was used to study the gas-phase metal affinities of Guanosine (ribonucleoside) for the Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cu⁺ cations. In this study we determine coordination geometries, binding strength, absolute metal ion affinities, and free energies for the most stable products. We have also compared the results for Guanosine, with our previously reported results for 2′-Deoxyguanosine. Based on the results, it is obvious that MIA is strongly dependent on the charge-to-size ratio of the cation. Guanosine interacts more strongly with Zn²⁺ than do with Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cu⁺ and therefore stronger interactions lead to higher MIA. In both free molecules and their complexes, the Syn orientation of the base is stabilized by an intramolecular O5′–H···N3 hydrogen bond and the anti orientation of the base is stabilized by an intramolecular C–H···O hydrogen bond formed between the (C8-H8) and the O5′ atom of the sugar moiety. It is also interesting to mention that linear correlation between calculated MIA values and the atomic numbers (Z) of the metal ions of Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ were found. Furthermore, the influences of metal cationization on the strength of the N-glycosidic bond, torsion angles, angle of pseudorotation (P), and intramolecular C–H···O and O–H···O hydrogen bonds have been studied. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was performed to calculate the charge transfer and natural population analysis of the complexes. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) was also applied to determine the nature of interactions.     

Hydrogen bonded arrays: the power of multiple hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bond interactions in small covalent model compounds (i.e., deprotonated polyhydroxy alcohols) were measured by negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimentally determined vertical and adiabatic electron detachment energies for (HOCH(2)CH(2))(2)CHO(-)(2a), (HOCH(2)CH(2))(3)CO(-) (3a), and (HOCH(2)CH(2)CH(OH)CH(2))(3)CO(-) (4a)reveal that hydrogen-bonded networks can provide enormous stabilizations and that a single charge center not only can be stabilized by up to three hydrogen bonds but also can increase the interaction energy between noncharged OH groups by 5.8 kcal mol(-1) or more per hydrogen bond. This can lead to pK(a) values that are very different from those in water and can provide some of the impetus for catalytic processes.     

Synthesis of Alkyl (5-Oxo-2-thioxo-[1,3,4]thiadiazinan-6-ylidene)acetates by the Reaction of N-Aminorhodanine,Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates,and Triphenylphosphine

Protonation of the reactive zwitterionic intermediate produced from the reaction between triphenylphosphine and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates by N-aminorhodanine followed by the addition of the conjugate anion of N-aminorhodanine on the produced vinylphosphonium cation leads to alkyl (5-oxo-2-thioxo-[1,3,4]thiadiazinan-6-ylidene)acetates in good yields.     

Trifluoroacetic Acid as an Efficient Catalyst for One-Pot,Four-Component Synthesis of 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles Under Microwave-Assisted,Solvent-Free Conditions

An efficient method for synthesis of various tetrasubstituted imidazoles, using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as a catalytic support, by four-component condensation of benzil, aldehydes, amines, and ammonium acetate under microwave-irradiated, solvent-free conditions is described.