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921.
There are many notional systems for excavating lunar regolith in NASA’s Exploration Vision. Quantitative system performance comparisons are scarce in the literature. This paper focuses on the required forces for excavation and traction as quantitative predictors of system feasibility. The rich history of terrestrial soil mechanics is adapted to extant lunar regolith parameters to calculate the forces. The soil mechanics literature often acknowledges the approximate results from the numerous excavation force models in use. An intent of this paper is to examine their variations in the lunar context. Six excavation models and one traction model are presented. The effects of soil properties are explored for each excavation model, for example, soil cohesion and friction, tool–soil adhesion, and soil density. Excavation operational parameters like digging depth, rake angle, gravity, and surcharge are examined. For the traction model, soil, operational, and machine design parameters are varied to probe choices. Mathematical anomalies are noted for several models. One conclusion is that the excavation models yield such disparate results that lunar-field testing is prudent. All the equations and graphs presented have been programmed for design use. Parameter ranges and units are included. 相似文献
922.
Carolin Blum Lothar Opilik Joanna M. Atkin Kai Braun Stefan B. Kmmer Vasily Kravtsov Naresh Kumar Sergey Lemeshko Jian‐Feng Li Karol Luszcz Teimour Maleki Alfred J. Meixner Steve Minne Markus B. Raschke Bin Ren Jan Rogalski Debdulal Roy Bruno Stephanidis Xiang Wang Dai Zhang Jin‐Hui Zhong Renato Zenobi 《Journal of Raman spectroscopy : JRS》2014,45(1):22-31
Since its first experimental realization, tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) has emerged as a potentially powerful nanochemical analysis tool. However, questions about the comparability and reproducibility of TERS data have emerged. This interlaboratory comparison study addresses these issues by bringing together different TERS groups to perform TERS measurements on nominally identical samples. Based on the spectra obtained, the absolute and relative peak positions, number of bands, peak intensity ratios, and comparability to reference Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) data are discussed. Our general findings are that all research groups obtained similar spectral patterns, irrespective of the setup or tip that was used. The TERS (and SERS) spectra consistently showed fewer bands than the conventional Raman spectrum. When comparing these three methods, the spectral pattern match and substance identification is readily possible. Absolute and relative peak positions of the three major signals of thiophenol scattered by 19 and 9 cm−1, respectively, which can probably be attributed to different spectrometer calibrations. However, within the same group (but between different tips), the signals only scattered by 3 cm−1 on average. This study demonstrated the suitability of TERS as an analytical tool and brings TERS a big step forward to becoming a routine technique. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
923.
Nils Pfullmann Monika Noack José Cardoso de Andrade Stefan Rausch Tamas Nagy Carsten Reinhardt Vanessa Knittel Rudolf Bratschitsch Alfred Leitenstorfer Dieter Akemeier Andreas Hütten Milutin Kovacev Uwe Morgner 《Annalen der Physik》2014,526(3-4):119-134
High‐order harmonic generation in xenon with oscillator repetition rates is studied. The necessary intensity is reached via plasmonic field enhancement at nanostructured arrays of bow‐tie gold antennae. The theoretical analysis focuses on the thermal properties and the damage threshold of the bow‐tie antennae. On the experimental side the number of contributing atoms is determined and optimized. Extreme ultraviolet radiation is successfully observed with photon fluxes almost an order of magnitude larger than previously reported. 相似文献
924.
Gamma bis glycinium oxalate (GBGOx) crystal was synthesized and grown by slow evaporation solution technique. The structure of pure GBGOx crystal has been examined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The confirmation with single crystal XRD reveals that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with space group C2. The FTIR spectrum was recorded to identify the expected functional groups. UV–vis-spectrum shows the lower cut off wavelength and 80% of transmittance in the UV–vis region. The photoluminescence measurement shows that the material is suitable for photonic devices. Preliminary measurement of green light emission using Kurtz powder technique indicates that their second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency. The microhardness analysis revealed that the grown crystal belongs to soft material category. The encouraging results show that the GBGOx crystals have great potential applications in optical devices. 相似文献
925.
Haleden Chiririwa Freeman Ntuli Edison Muzenda Alfred Muller 《Transition Metal Chemistry》2013,38(4):393-399
The reactions of N-(2(diphenylphosphino) benzylidene) (phenyl) methanamine, Ph2PPhNHCH2-C5H4N, 1 and N-(2-(diphenylphosphino) (benzylidene) (thiophen-2-yl) methanamine, Ph2PPhNHCH2-C4H3S, 2 with MCl2(cod) and MCl(cod)Me (M = Pd, Pt; cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) yield the new complexes [M(Ph2PPhNHCH2-C5H4N)Cl2], M = Pd1a, Pt1b, [M(Ph2PPhNHCH2-C5H4N)ClMe], M = Pd1c, Pt 1d, [M(Ph2PPhNHCH2-C4H3S)Cl2], M = Pd2a, Pt 2b, and [M(Ph2PPhNHCH2-C4H3S)ClMe], M = Pd2c, Pt 2d, respectively. The new compounds were isolated as analytically pure crystalline solids and characterized by 31P-, 1H-NMR, IR spectroscopy, electro spray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and elemental analysis. The representative solid-state molecular structures of the platinum complexes 1b and 2b were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and revealed that the complexes exhibit a slightly distorted square-planar geometry. Furthermore, the palladium complexes were tested as potential catalysts in the Heck and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. 相似文献
926.
The rates of free radical copolymerizations at given rates of initiation can be analyzed ideally in terms of monomer feed concentrations and reactivity ratios, propagation rate constants for homopolymerizations of the particular monomers, and an overall rate constant for termination during copolymerization. This model, which is due to Atherton and North, can account for the effects of initiator concentration and viscosity of the polymerization medium on copolymerization rates. This article reports an empirical formulation for the overall termination rate constant in terms of monomer concentrations and reactivity ratios and a cross-termination factor. The new model accounts for experimental data in the styrene-methyl methacrylate system in which polarity differences between unlike radicals may result in enhanced termination rates. It also predicts observed copolymerization rates of methyl methacrylate-vinyl acetate and styrene-α-methylstyrene mixtures in which polarity effects are absent. The cross-termination factor may be approximated from reactivity ratio data for predictive purposes. 相似文献
927.
Abstract Numerous theories of polymer solution behavior have been advanced. Some make use of the techniques of statistical mechanics [1] and are unfortunately burdened with tedious mathematical manipulations, Recent years have seen the emergence of the socalled scaling laws of de Gennes [2]. These are mainly of theoretical interest and are strictly applicable to polymers with very high molecular weight in good solvents, While these theories are important as steps toward a fundamental understanding of polymer solutions, they are not easy to understand or apply to practical calculations of polymer solution properties. 相似文献
928.
André A. Adams Paul T. Charles Scott P. Veitch Alfred Hanson Jeffrey R. Deschamps Anne W. Kusterbeck 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2013,405(15):5171-5178
Quantitating explosive materials at trace concentrations in real-time on-site within the marine environment may prove critical to protecting civilians, waterways, and military personnel during this era of increased threat of widespread terroristic activity. Presented herein are results from recent field trials that demonstrate detection and quantitation of small nitroaromatic molecules using novel high-throughput microfluidic immunosensors (HTMI) to perform displacement-based immunoassays onboard a HYDROID REMUS100 autonomous underwater vehicle. Missions were conducted 2–3 m above the sea floor, and no HTMI failures were observed due to clogging from biomass infiltration. Additionally, no device leaks were observed during the trials. HTMIs maintained immunoassay functionality during 2 h deployments, while continuously sampling seawater absent without any pretreatment at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. This 20-fold increase in the nominal flow rate of the assay resulted in an order of magnitude reduction in both lag and assay times. Contaminated seawater that contained 20–175 ppb trinitrotoluene was analyzed. Figure
Displacement-based immunoassay targeting trinitrotoluene is shown 相似文献
929.
Arkadiy S. Baltenkov Steven T. Manson Alfred Z. Msezane 《Central European Journal of Physics》2011,9(5):1209-1220
A comprehensive study is undertaken of angular distributions of electron knock-out from atomic targets by fast electrons with
a small transfer of momentum. The general expressions for the parameters of the triple differential cross-section of impact
ionization in the optical limit are derived. The calculated parameters are compared with those of the angular distribution
of electrons ejected from an atom in the process of photoionization. In these processes, when the multipole transitions are
involved, the one-to-one correspondence between the photoionization and impact ionization parameters disappears. The nondipole
transitions lead to the backward/forward asymmetry of the angular distribution of ejected electrons that is absent in the
dipole approximation for ionization by both fast electrons and photons. Using the He atom as an example, the character of
the asymmetry for these two processes is qualitatively different and the backward/forward asymmetry results in macroscopic
directed motion of secondary electrons accompanying the passing of a fast electron beam through gas or plasma. The general
formulas for this drag current are derived and applied to gaseous He. 相似文献
930.
Fei Qi Anna Moiseev Joachim Deubener Alfred Weber 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2011,13(3):1325-1334
Anatase is the low-temperature (300–550 °C) crystalline polymorph of TiO2 and it transforms to rutile upon heating. For applications utilizing the photocatalytic properties of nanoscale anatase at
elevated temperatures (over 600 °C) the issue of phase stabilisation is of major interest. In this study, binary TiO2/SiO2 particles were synthesized by a flame aerosol process with TiCl4 and SiCl4 as precursors. The theoretical Si/Ti ratio was varied in the range of 0.7–1.3 mol/mol. The synthesized TiO2/SiO2 samples were heat treated at 900 and 1,000 °C for 3 h to determine the thermostability of anatase. Pyrogenic TiO2 P25 (from Evonik/Degussa, Germany) widely applied as photocatalyst was used as non-thermostabilized reference material for
comparison of photocatalytic activity of powders. Both the non-calcinated and calcinated powders were characterized by means
of XRD, TEM and BET. Photocatalytic activity was examined with dichloroacetic acid (DCA) chosen as a model compound. It was
found that SiO2 stabilized the material retarding the collapse of catalyst surface area during calcination. The weighted anatase content
of 85% remains completely unchanged even after calcination at 1,000 °C. The presence of SiO2 layer/bridge as spacer between TiO2 particles freezes the grain growth: the average crystallite size increased negligibly from 17 to 18 nm even during the calcination
at 1,000 °C. Due to the stabilizing effect of SiO2 the titania nanoparticles calcinated at 900 and 1,000 °C show significant photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the increase
in photocatalytic activity with calcination temperature indicates that the titania surface becomes more accessible either
due to intensified cracking of the SiO2 layer or due to enhanced transport of SiO2 into the necks thus releasing additional titania surface. 相似文献