A new algorithm that generates the image of the attractor of a generalized iterated function system

Numerical Algorithms - We provide a new algorithm (called the grid algorithm) designed to generate the image of the attractor of a generalized iterated function system on a finite dimensional space...     

Arithmetic partial differential equations, II

We continue the study of arithmetic partial differential equations initiated in [7] by classifying “arithmetic convection equations” on modular curves, and by describing their space of solutions. Certain of these solutions involve the Fourier expansions of the Eisenstein modular forms of weight 4 and 6, while others involve the Serre-Tate expansions (Mori, 1995 [13], Buium, 2003 [4]) of the same modular forms; in this sense, our arithmetic convection equations can be seen as “unifying” the two types of expansions. The theory can be generalized to one of “arithmetic heat equations” on modular curves, but we prove that they do not carry “arithmetic wave equations.” Finally, we prove an instability result for families of arithmetic heat equations converging to an arithmetic convection equation.     

Influence of pitching on performance of VAWTs

Self- starting is the major obstacle to be overcome for successful design of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). In the past has been suggested that pitching the turbine blades such that pitch angle is not 90 degrees allows for self-starting. To understand the physics surrounding pitching, an analysis is carried out for a common airfoil profile, NACA 0012. The vortex model is used to predict aerodynamic performance of VAWT with pitched blades at various angles. As a result of the analysis carried out for the airfoil at various pitch angles, it was shown that the “dead band” phenomenon could be overcome, but only slightly. At the same time, to overcome the “dead band” with a level on confidence, torques in the tip speed ratio (TSR ) range of 0.75 to 2.75 must be increased to values further above zero. The paper aimed at giving an insight into the small wind turbine starting behavior and its influence parameters. (© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A numerical investigation on the dynamic stall of a vertical axis wind turbine

In the last years, for home user, the wind turbine with vertical axis (VAWT) began to be more attractive due benefits in exploitation. In terms of aerodynamics, when the wind speed approaches the speed of operation (low value of tip speed ratio -TSR) the blade airfoil exceeds the critical angle of incidence for static conditions. Angle of incidence varies quickly across blade and the blade works in dynamic stall condition. The goal of the present work is to investigate the two-dimensional dynamic stall phenomenon around the NACA 0012 airfoil at relatively low Reynolds. (© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Unsteady Flow and its Influence to Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic of VAWT's

A study is reported of the influence of unsteady flow on the aerodynamics and aeroacoustics of vertical axis wind turbines by numerical simulation. The combination of aerodynamic predictions with a discrete vortex method and aeroacoustic predictions based on Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation is used to achieve this goal. The numerical results show that unsteady flow of the turbine has a significant influence on the turbine aerodynamics and can lead to a decrease in generated noise as compared to the conventional horizontal axis wind turbine at the similar aerodynamic performance. (© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE): A New,Green and Renewable Solvent for the Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomato Waste Products

Currently there is a drive towards the minimisation and reclamation of valuable materials from the waste products of the food and beverage industry. This can be achieved through the extraction of residual nutraceuticals from such materials. Tomato pomace contains carotenoids and other chemicals which can be extracted directly into edible oils to improve the health-giving properties of such oils. We report here a novel green solvent, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), which is significantly more effective than sunflower oil and hexane for the extraction of lycopene and beta-carotene from tomato skin waste. FAEE are a non-toxic renewable resource that is environmentally friendly and to our knowledge has never been used as a vegetal extraction fluid. The efficiency of FAEE extraction was significantly improved relative to both sunflower oil and hexane under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions. In addition, FAEE have the additional and significant advantage that once enriched with the extracted nutraceuticals can be used directly as a food additive.     

Visible Channeled Spectra of a Multilayer Wood Filter

The transmission factor of multilayer Wood filters containing quartz and rutile layers was simulated in order to avoid the experimental trials for obtaining optical filters with predicted transmission. The main refractive indices of uniaxial crystals—quartz and rutile—were interferometrically determined and Cauchy constants were obtained by simulation. The transmission factor of optical devices consisting of quartz and rutile layers was simulated using the Maple Program.