Quantum groups in the higgs phase

In the Higgs phase we may be left with a residual finite symmetry groupH of the condensate. The topological interactions between the magnetic and electric excitations in these so-called discreteH gauge theories are completely described by the Hopf algebra or quantum groupD(H). In 2+1 dimensional space time we may add a Chern-Simons term to such a model. This deforms the underlying Hopf algebraD(H) into the quasi-Hopf algebraD (H) by means of a 3-cocycle onH. Consequently, the finite number of physically inequivalent discreteH gauge theories obtained in this way are labelled by the elements of the cohomology groupH ³(H,U(1)). We briefly review the above results in these notes. Special attention is given to the Coulomb screening mechanism operational in the Higgs phase. This mechanism screens the Coulomb interactions, but not the Aharonov-Bohm interactions.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 98. No. 3, pp. 509–523, March, 1994     

An approach to pancratistatins via ring-closing metathesis: efficient synthesis of novel 1-aryl-1-deoxyconduritols F. cv

Structurally novel cyclitols, 1-aryl-1-deoxyconduritols F, were efficiently prepared from d-xylose, utilizing RCM as a key step. Various aromatic residues were incorporated in the cyclitol skeleton with total stereochemical control, utilizing a diastereoselective aryl cuprate addition to a gamma-alkoxy enoate. The synthetic route establishes a firm foundation for a practical synthesis of the antitumor alkaloid pancratistatin and its aryl analogues. [structure: see text]     

Determination of the helicity of oriented photofragments

Equations to enable determination of the helicity (angular momentum orientation) of photofragments resulting from single-photon dissociation of an isotropic sample of molecules are presented. The symmetry of the photofragment distribution is illustrated by three-dimensional vector plots of the expectation values of projections of the fragment total angular momentum. Equations describing circular polarization of light in the spherical tensor basis are presented. Methods for the optical measurement of angular momentum orientation are discussed, including determination of the helicity of circularly polarized light by a quarter-wave plate or single Fresnel rhomb.     

Mechanism of the aromatic hydroxylation of thiophene by acid-catalyzed peracid oxidation

The oxidation of thiophene (1) with peracids in a strongly acidic environment yielded thiophen-2-one (4) as the product of an apparent direct hydroxylation of the thiophene aromatic ring together with the anticipated thiophene-S-oxide dimers, 2a,b, as the main products. Formation of the latter dimers can be rationalized in a straightforward manner by initial oxidation at the sulfur atom of thiophene (1) to yield thiophene-S-oxide followed by subsequent dimerization in a Diels-Alder type reaction. Trapping experiments in the presence of a competing dienophile indicated that thiophen-2-one (4) did not originate from the monomeric thiophene-S-oxide but was the product of an independent reaction pathway. The extent of thiophen-2-one (4) formation correlated with the acidity of the reaction medium and was suppressed in the presence of water, the latter presumably acting as a competing base. As evidenced by the use of 2,5-dideuterated thiophene (1-D), its mechanism of formation involved a 1,2-hydride shift, a feature commonly described in the peracid-mediated epoxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons and indicative for the occurrence of cationic intermediates. In agreement with all these observations we propose a mechanism involving initial protonation of thiophene followed by nucleophilic attack of the peracid in position 2 of the thiophene ring. Intramolecular epoxidation may lead to the formation of thiophene 2,3-epoxide as a highly reactive intermediate that then undergoes heterolytic ring opening and a 1,2-hydride shift to yield thiophen-2-one (4) after a final, acid-catalyzed, isomerization of the double bond.     

Pyrimido[4,5‐c]pyridazine‐5,7(6H, 8H)‐diones: Marvelous substrates for study of nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen

The data on nucleophilic substitution reactions of hydrogen in 6,8‐dimethylpyrimido[4,5‐c]pyridazine‐5,7(6H,8H)‐dione, its 3‐chloride, N₂‐oxide and some other derivatives are reviewed. All these compounds possess a remarkable ability to undergo not only simple functionalizations but also tandem and cascade transformations leading to annelation of various heterocyclic rings.     

Electronic detection of the enzymatic degradation of starch

[reaction: see text] The enzymatic degradation of starch can be monitored electronically using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as semiconducting probes in field-effect transistors (FETs). Incubation of these devices in aqueous buffer solutions of amyloglucosidase (AMG) results in the removal of the starch from both the silicon surfaces and the side walls of the SWNTs in the FETs, as evidenced by direct imaging and electronic measurements.     

Comparison of the photodynamic effect of exogenous photoprotoporphyrin and protoporphyrin IX on PAM 212 murine keratinocytes

A comparative study of the cellular photosensitizing properties of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and photoprotoporphyrin (Ppp) was carried out in the transformed murine keratinocyte cell line, PAM 212. Time-course fluorescence studies were performed to determine the rate of uptake by cells together with fluorescence microscopy. The sensitized cells were laser irradiated with a range of light doses at 635 or 670 nm to determine the phototoxicity of the two compounds and to investigate their relative fluorescence photobleaching properties. Ppp showed enhanced phototoxicity at both its optimal activation wavelength of 670 nm (eight times more phototoxic than PpIX activated at its optimal wavelength of 635 nm for the same fluence) and at 635 nm (three times more phototoxic than PpIX at the same wavelength), using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The photobleaching rate of Ppp in cells was found to be higher using 670 nm irradiation compared with that of PpIX at 635 nm irradiation. At 635 nm, however, the photobleaching rate of Ppp was comparable to that of PpIX. The photobleaching quantum yields of the two compounds in cells were found to be similar at approximately 5 x 10(-4), with the same value confirmed at both 670 and 635 nm irradiation for Ppp. The fluorescence lifetime of Ppp in cells was measured as 5.4 ns using time-correlated single photon counting.     

Photoinduzierte Cycloadditionen von 3-Benzyl-2H-azirin

Irradiation of 2-azido-3-phenyl-propene ( 5 ) in pentane or benzene solution with a high pressure lamp (pyrex filter) yields 3-benzyl-2H-azirin ( 6 ), which on further irradiation behind quartz or vycor in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid methylester or carbon dioxide yields 4-benzyl-5-methoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-3-oxazolin ( 8 ) and 4-benzyl-3-oxazolin-5-one ( 9 ), respectively (scheme 2). A small amount of 3-phenylacetonitrile is also formed.