A new interpretation of quantum mechanics and its consequences in epistemology

A rather recent interpretation of quantum mechanics, known under the various names of consistent histories, decohering histories, or logical interpretation, has brought interpretation into a standard deductive theory and is now investigated in many places. A key difference with the Copenhagen interpretation is the status of classical physics, now derived completely from quantum principles in both its dynamical and logical aspects. After describing briefly this new interpretation in its essentials, leaving aside technical details, it is shown how its consequences in epistemology differ drastically from the familiar outcomes of the Copenhagen interpretation, leading in particular to a well-defined theory of knowledge. Some more speculative philosophical consequences associated with the unsolved problem of actuality are also mentioned.     

Combined charge and spin density experimental study of the yttrium(III) semiquinonato complex Y(HBPz3)2(DTBSQ) and DFT calculations

High-resolution X-ray diffraction and polarized neutron diffraction experiments have been performed on the Y-semiquinonate complex, Y(HBPz3)2(DTBSQ), in order to determine the charge and spin densities in the paramagnetic ground state, S = (1/2). The aim of these combined studies is to bring new insights to the antiferromagnetic coupling mechanism between the semiquinonate radical and the rare earth ion in the isomorphous Gd(HBPz3)2(DTBSQ) complex. The experimental charge density at 106 K yields detailed information about the bonding between the Y3+ ion and the semiquinonate ligand; the topological charge of the yttrium atom indicates a transfer of about 1.5 electrons from the radical toward the Y3+ ion in the complex, in agreement with DFT calculations. The electron density deformation map reveals well-resolved oxygen lone pairs with one lobe polarized toward the yttrium atom. The determination of the induced spin density at 1.9 K under an applied magnetic field of 9.5 T permits the visualization of the delocalized magnetic orbital of the radical throughout the entire molecule. The spin is mainly distributed on the oxygen atoms [O1 (0.12(1) mu B), O2(0.11(1) mu B)] and the carbon atoms [C21 (0.24(1) mu B), C22(0.20(1) mu B), C24(0.16(1) mu B), C25(0.12(1) mu B)] of the carbonyl ring. A significant spin delocalization on the yttrium site of 0.08(2) mu B is observed, proving that a direct overlap with the radical magnetic orbital can occur at the rare earth site and lead to antiferromagnetic coupling. The DFT calculations are in good quantitative agreement with the experimental charge density results, but they underestimate the spin delocalization of the oxygen toward the yttrium and the carbon atoms of the carbonyl ring.     

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Template synthesis in the nickel(II)–thiocarbohydrazide–propanone triple system

The complexing process proceeding in the Ni^II–thiocarbohydrazide (H₂N–H–NC(=S)–NH–NH₂)–propanone triple system in EtOH solution and nickel(II)hexacyanoferrate(II) gelatin-immobilized matrix has been studied. It has been found that in the first case, template synthesis leading, as a minimum, to formation of three coordination compounds of Ni^II with (N,N,S,S)-donor tetradentate ligands having NiL¹, NiL² and NiL³compositions where L¹ is 4,6,6-trimethyl-2,3,7,8-tetraazanonen-3-di(thiohydrazide)-1,9, L² is 4,6,6,12-tetrametyl-1,9-dithio-2,3,7,8,10,11-hexaazatridekadien-3,11-hydrazide-1 and L³ is 2,8,10,10,16-pentamethyl-5,13-dithio-3,4,6,7,11,12,14,15-octaazaheptadekatrien-2,7,15 is observed, whereas in the gelatin-immobilized matrix, a complexing process in the system considered does not occur.     

Calcul théorique des énergies de divers arrangements géométriques de la molécule (η5-C5H5)2TiCl2

The molecular energy of the complex (η⁵-C₅H₅)₂TiCl₂ has been calculated for experimental geometry and for several hypothetical forms by a semi-empirical CNDO/2 approach. The energy difference between experimental (quasi-tetrahedral) geometry and a planar geometry is ca. 20 kcal mol^?1. This difference is sufficiently high to explain the difficulty of the inversion process.     

Protonation et hydrolyse d'enamine. Epimerisation des immoniums intermediaires

At pH 5 (AcOHAcONa) protonation of the enamine of 3,6,6-trimethylnorpinane 2-one (3-methylnopinone) yields the cis immonium ion 6 (X  OAc), which isomerizes to the thermodynamically more stable trans immonium ion 6′ (X  OAc). Under more strongly acid conditions (aqueous hydrochloric or perchloric acids), the enamonium salts 7 (X  Cl or ClO₄) are formed; these isomerize, with a rate increasing with decreasing acidity to the cis immonium salts 6, stable under these conditions. Epimerization of the cis salt 6 (X  Cl), occurs in ethereal hydrogen chloride, the rate increasing also with decreasing acidity. At pH 5, hydrolysis of the enamine yields 3-methylnopinone, the proportion of the less thermodynamically stable trans isomer increasing with a rise in reaction temperature.     

Silylation partielle et réduction de composés gem-polychlorés fonctionnels

The trimethylchlorosilane/magnesium/hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPT) system reacts with some functional polychlorinated compounds (chloral, hexachloroacetone, acetone chloroform) affording a partial reduction accompanied by silylation and leads to new functional silylated derivatives.These reactions exhibit reductive properties of magnesium, in HMPT, towards the CCl bond.     

Molecular orbital studies on the conformation of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)

In distinction to Extended Hückel Theory which predicts as the most stable conformation of free zwitterionic GABA a totally extended form, PCILO and SCF ab initio studies show that the intrinsically preferred conformation of the isolated molecule is a highly folded one, resulting from strong interactions between the two charged ends. Computations are also carried out for hydrated GABA in the supermolecule approach allowing moreover for the flexibility of binding of some of the water molecules of the first hydration shell. They predict the coexistence in solution of a large number of conformations showing different degrees of folding (or extension), a result confirmed by recent NMR studies. This and a number of similar results show that we have to adapt our thinking on the role of conformations in pharmacological activity to this situation, which was frequently obscured by the more abundant results of X-ray crystallography yielding a single conformation.