Quantitative determination of fluorine in toothpastes

The quantitative CE analysis of fluorine and monofluorophosphate in toothpastes is described. Separation is performed using a Waters CIA-Pak chemistry kit with Waters Electro Osmotic Flow Modifiers on a CE instrument from Spectra Physics (Spectra-phoresis 500) at elevated temperatures up to 40 °C and at a low temperature of 10 °C. The quantitative results and the simplicity are compared for the CE method, the existing standard GC procedure described in the Official Journal of the European Communities, and the procedure employing a fluoride-ion-specific electrode.     

Closely spaced external standard: a universal method of achieving 5 ppm mass accuracy over the entire MALDI plate in axial matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Close deposition of the sample and external standard was used in axial matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) to achieve mass accuracy equivalent to that obtained with an internal standard across the entire MALDI plate. In this work, the sample and external standard were deposited by continuous deposition in separate traces, each approximately 200 micro m wide. The dependence of the mass accuracy on the distance between the sample and standard traces was determined across a MALDI target plate with dimensions of 57.5 mm x 57.0 mm by varying the gap between the traces from 100 micro m to 4 mm. During acquisition, two adjacent traces were alternately irradiated with a 200-Hz laser, such that the peaks in the resulting mass spectra combined the sample and external standard. Ion suppression was not observed even when the peptide concentrations in the two traces differed by more than two orders of magnitude. The five peaks from the external standard trace were used in a four-term mass calibration of the masses of the sample trace. The average accuracy across the whole plate with this method was 5 ppm when peaks of the sample trace had signal-to-noise ratios of at least 30 and the gap between the traces was approximately 100 micro m. This approach was applied to determining peptide masses of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) separation of a tryptic digest of beta-galactosidase deposited as a long serpentine trace across the MALDI plate, with accuracy comparable to that obtainable using internal calibration. In addition, the eluent from reversed-phase LC separation of a strong cation-exchange fraction containing tryptic peptides from a yeast lysate along with the closely placed external standard was deposited on the MALDI plate. The data obtained in the MS and MS/MS modes on a MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer were combined and used in database searching with MASCOT. Since the significant score is a function of mass accuracy in the MS mode, database searching with high mass accuracy reduced the number of false positives and also added peptides which otherwise would have been eliminated at lower mass accuracy (false negatives).     

On consecutivek'th power residues

It is known that for fixedk2 and every sufficiently large primep there exists an integerr such thatr andr+1 are bothk'th power residues modulop. It has been conjectured that the least positiver with this property is bounded in terms ofk only. We prove this conjecture in the casek is a prime, and a weaker result in the general case.Dedicated to Professr E. Hlawka on the occasion of his sevetiethSupported by NSF grant MCS-8108814(A04).     

Kinetic isotope effect in hydrogen transfer arising from the effects of rotational excitation and occurrence of hydrogen tunneling in molecular systems

Hydrogen kinetic isotope effect with values of alpha identical with ln(kH/kT)/ln(kD/kT)>3.3 which are generally ascribed to quantum tunneling of hydrogen are shown to arise in O+HCl(DCl,TCl) reactions due to the effects of rotational excitation on the distribution of encounters with the critical dividing surface. At higher rotational excitations these distributions are shifted towards the regions of the critical dividing surface with low barrier energies which can lead to a large enhancement of the barrier crossing. This effect depends strongly on the hydrogen isotope involved in the reaction and, at some temperatures, gives rise to alpha much larger than 3.3. It can be readily seen that the effect should arise also in condensed molecular systems, due to internal rotations or other vibrations "perpendicular" to the reaction coordinate.     

The Effect of Ge,Ni, and Fe Doping on the Ga Activity in the CoGa B2 Phase

Summary. Gallium activity in the B2 (CsCl-type) phase of ternary Co–Ga–X (X = Ge, Ni, and Fe) alloys was measured by the EMF method with a stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte. The temperature range was 1050–1250 K and the concentrations of the added elements were 2–6 at-% Ge and Ni, and 1–3 at-% Fe. The reference electrodes were Fe,Fe_xO or Ga,Ga₂O₃. The effect on the activity of gallium in the B2 phase with the addition of other elements was found to be the largest with Ge and the smallest in the case of Ni.     

Anil-Synthese 22. Mitteilung über die Herstellung von Styryl-und Distyryl-Derivaten des Pyridins

Preparation of Styryl and Distyryl Derivatives of Pyridine 2,4-, 2,5- and 2,6-Dimethylpyridines react with anils of aromatic aldehydes in the presence of dimethylformamide and potassium hydroxide to yield the corresponding distyrylpyridines (‘anil synthesis’). Under the same reaction conditions (4-methylstyryl)pyridines are converted to (stilbenylvinyl)pyridines. Similarly, the Schiff's base derived from pyridine-3-carbaldehyde and p-chloroaniline on treatment with methyl- and p-tolyl-substituted aromatic heterocycles gives the corresponding (heteroaryl-styryl)pyridines, whereas with the Schiff's bases derived from pyridine-2- and -4-carbaldehyde side reactions, such as dimerization followed by disproportionation predominate.     

Selektive Sauerstoffbestimmung in kleinen Gasmengen

Zusammenfassung Ein neues Gerät zur selektiven Sauerstoffbestimmung in kleinen Gasmengen, das direkt elektrisch den Prozentgehalt anzeigt, wird beschrieben. Das Meßprinzip besteht darin, daß eine sauerstoffdepolarisierte Kohleelektrode in einem Element Kohle/Kalilauge/Zink entsprechend dem Sauerstoffgehalt des zugeführten Gases eine verschiedene Leistung an einen Belastungskreis abgibt. Die rasche und reproduzierbare Einstellung wird durch eine neuartige Kohleelektrode ermöglicht. Die Analyse ist sowohl in strömendem Gas, wie in einem abgeschlossenen Volumen möglich. Automatische Daueranalysen und selbsttätige Regelung bei Schwankungen von ± 0,01% im Sauerstoffgehalt sind ausführbar.

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Summary A new apparatus is described for the selective determination of oxygen in small amounts of gas; it gives a direct electrical indication of the percentage content. The measuring principle is that an oxygen-depolarized carbon electrode in a carbon/potassium hydroxide/zinc cell delivers current to a loading circuit in amounts which vary with the oxygen content of the gas introduced. The rapid and reproducible standardization is made possible by a new type of carbon electrode. Analyses can be carried out in the streaming gas as well as in closed vessel. Automatic continuous analyses and self regulation with variations of ± 0.01% in oxygen content are practicable.

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Résumé On décrit un nouvel appareil pour le dosage sélectif de l'oxygène qui en donne électriquement, directement dans les petites quantités de gaz, la teneur en pour cent. Le principe de la mesure repose sur le fait qu'une électrode de carbon dépolarisée à l'oxygène dans la pile charbon/lessive de potasse/zinc, communique un rendement variable dans le circuit de charge suivant la teneur en oxygène du gaz soumis à l'expérience. La mise au point rapide est bien reproductible et rendue possible grâce à une électrode de charbon d'un nouveau type. L'analyse est possible aussi bien dans un courant gazeux que dans un espace clos. Des essais automatiques d'endurance et d'auto-réglage sont réalisables avec des variations de 0,01% dans la teneur en oxygène.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen.     

Über eine bequeme Darstellung von 1, 4-Dioxy-n-butan (Tetramethylenglykol) und 1, 4-Dibrom-n-butan

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Analyse der Milch

Ohne Zusammenfassung