A study of the influence of the asymmetry of the Kα1 X-ray emission line of cobalt and copper on accurate measurements of lattice parameters

By accurate measurements of the lattice parameter of aluminium, silver and gold by K ₁ radiation of copper and cobalt it is proved that the values determined by the radiation of cobalt are systematically lower than those determined by the radiation of copper. A semiquantitative analysis of the influence of spectral asymmetry on the determination of the parameter from X-ray diffraction lines is carried out and it is proved that this influence is defined not only by the index of asymmetry of the emission line but also by the broadening of the corresponding diffraction line. From this analysis it follows that the differences in the parameter measured when using radiation of cobalt and copper, can be explained by the influence of the spectral asymmetry of the emission lines K ₁ of these radiations.

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, K ₁ , , , . , , , . , , , K ₁.

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In conclusion the author thanks J. Bedná for careful measurement of the thermal expansion of the photographic film and advice when keeping the samples at constant temperature, J. ermák and J. Kratochvíl for numerous helpful remarks and J. Laek for preparing the samples of powdered gold.     

РЕНТГЕНОГРАФИЧЕСКО Е ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ТОНКОЙ СТР УКТУРЫ МОЛОТОГО ПОРОШКООБР АЗНОГО НИКЕЛЯ

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Decoherence-free quantum information processing with four-photon entangled states

Decoherence-free states protect quantum information from collective noise, the predominant cause of decoherence in current implementations of quantum communication and computation. Here we demonstrate that spontaneous parametric down conversion can be used to generate four-photon states which enable the encoding of one qubit in a decoherence-free subspace. The immunity against noise is verified by quantum state tomography of the encoded qubit. We show that particular states of the encoded qubit can be distinguished by local measurements on the four photons only.     

Proposed experiment to test the bounds of quantum correlations

The combination of quantum correlations appearing in the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality can give values between the classical bound, 2, and Tsirelson's bound, 2 x square root of 2. However, for a given set of local observables, there are values in this range which no quantum state can attain. We provide the analytical expression for the corresponding bound for a parametrization of the local observables introduced by Filipp and Svozil, and describe how to experimentally trace it using a source of singlet states. Such an experiment will be useful to identify the origin of the experimental errors in Bell's inequality-type experiments and could be modified to detect hypothetical correlations beyond those predicted by quantum mechanics.     

Methode zur Messung von Wärmeeffekten bei Zugverformung

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine mit elektrischer Kompensation arbeitende Me?methode beschrieben, die registrierend die W?rmestr?me in die Umgebung bei gleichzeitiger Aufnahme des Zug-Dehnungsdiagrammes an Borsten und B?ndern zu messen gestattet. Aus der Integration der Kurven ergeben sich die mechanischen Verformungsenergien sowie die gleichzeitig auftretenden W?rmet?nungen: Erreichte Empfindlichkeit: etwa 10⁻⁴ cal. Vorgetragen auf der Arbeitssitzung des Fachausschusses “Physik der Hochpolymeren” im Verband der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaften zur Physikertagung München am 7. September 1956.     

Relaxation-optimized NMR spectroscopy of methylene groups in proteins and nucleic acids

A large fraction of hydrogens in proteins and nucleic acids is of the methylene type. Their detailed study, however, in terms of structure and dynamics by NMR spectroscopy is hampered by their fast relaxation properties, which give rise to low sensitivity and resolution. It is demonstrated that six different relaxation interference processes, involving 1H-13C and 1H-1H dipolar interactions and 1H and 13C chemical shift anisotropy, can be used simultaneously to mitigate these problems effectively. The approach is applicable to the majority of NMR experiments commonly used to study side chain and backbone conformation. For proteins, its efficiency is evaluated quantitatively for two samples: the third IgG-binding domain from Streptococcal Protein G and the protein calmodulin complexed with a 26-residue target peptide. Gains in both resolution and sensitivity by up to factors of 3.2 and 2.0, respectively, are observed for Gly residues at high magnetic field strengths, but even at much lower fields gains remain substantial. The resolution enhancement obtained for methylene groups makes possible a detailed analysis of spectral regions commonly considered inaccessible due to spectral crowding. For DNA, the high resolution now obtainable for C5' sites permits an H5'/H5'-based sequential NOE assignment procedure, complementary to the conventional base-H1'/H2'/H2' pathway.     

Unexpected properties of locally presentable categories

Locally presentable categories are precisely those complete categories which have a small dense subcategory. Every subcategory of a locally presentable category (i) has a small dense subcategory, (ii) if it is closed under limits, then it is locally presentable and (iii) if it is closed under colimits, then it is coreflective. For density, canonical colimits can be substituted by arbitrary colimits.The above results hold under the assumption of the set-theoretical Vopenka's Principle; in fact, each of them is logically equivalent to that principle.In Memory of Evelyn NelsonPresented by Ervin Fried.