The glow curve structure for the LiF:Mg,Cu,Na,Si TL detector with dopants concentrations and sintering temperatures

The glow curve structures for LiF:Mg,Cu,Na,Si TL detectors with various dopant concentrations and sintering temperatures were investigated for the improvement of the glow curve structure and sensitivity of the TL detector. The dopant concentrations were varied over the following ranges: Mg (0–0.25 mol%), Cu (0–0.07 mol%), Na and Si (0–1.5 mol%). With increasing Cu concentration, the intensity of the main peak was intensified and reached a maximum at a concentration of 0.05 mol%. The high-temperature peak was reduced. The dependency of the main peak intensity on the Mg concentration exhibits a sharp maximum at 0.2 mol%. The intensity of the high-temperature peak tends to rise slightly with increasing Mg concentration. It was found that the optimum concentrations of the dopants in the LiF:Mg,Cu,Na,Si TL material are Mg: 0.2 mol%, Cu: 0.05 mol%, Na and Si: 0.9 mol%. The dependency of the main peak intensity on sintering temperature exhibits a very sharp maximum at 830°C. The high-temperature peak was rapidly reduced after 825°C.     

Luminescence and lifetime characteristics of microphases in KCl:KI:Pb mixed crystals

Absorption and luminiscence measurements were performed on lead-doped KCl:KI mixed single crystals. Strong differences were found between as-grown and quenched samples. New bands were observed in the absorption spectra of unquenched samples in the spectral region between the limit positions of the A bands, corresponding to chloride or iodide lattices. The strong band at 449 nm dominates the luminescence of these samples at low temperatures. Its kinetics have a complicated form and the decay time is in the interval from ns to ms. Quenched samples have a well-known luminescence spectrum caused by octahedral lead impurity centres in KCl single crystals. The kinetics, however, also indicate mixed chlorine and iodine coordination of lead in the investigated crystals.     

Negative luminescence from mid-wave infrared HgCdTe diode arrays

A self-referencing, optical modulation technique was used to measure the negative luminescence efficiencies of an array of mid-wave infrared HgCdTe photodiodes with cutoff wavelength 4.6 μm as a function of sample temperature. The internal efficiency at a wavelength of 4 μm was 93% at 295 K, and nearly independent of temperature in the 240–300 K range. This corresponds to an apparent temperature reduction >50 K at room temperature and >30 K at 240 K. Moreover, the reverse-bias saturation current density was only 0.13 A/cm². The measured transmission and emission spectra were simulated using empirical HgCdTe absorption formulas from the literature.     

Particle correlations in e + e − → W + W − events

Preliminary results are reported on the two-particle correlation function R(Q) in hadronic Z decays, fully hadronic WW decays, and mixed hadronic-leptonic WW decays using data collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP at energies between 189 and 206 GeV. Evidence for Bose-Einstein correlations was observed in all three cases. The event mixing technique was used to determine correlations between particles arisingfrom different W bosons in fully hadronic WW decays. An excess of like-sign particle pairs with low four-momentum difference in fully hadronic WW events is observed, consistent with the effect expected from correlations between identical particles from different W bosons.     

Kinetic interpretation of the structural-time criterion for fracture

The incubation-period-based criterion for fracture is considered in terms of the Zhurkov kinetic model of fracture. Within the kinetic model, fracture is treated as a continuously developing process, which starts immediately after the application of a tensile load to a sample and consists in breaking of the interatomic bonds and gradual accumulation of broken bonds in the material in the course of a fracture test. For certain materials, the inclusion of the thermal-fluctuation mechanism for fracture in the incubation-period-based criterion significantly affects the position of the static branch of the time dependence of strength. Time dependences of strength are calculated for a number of materials. The experimental data are analyzed using the structural-time criterion for fracture, which allows one to obtain a unified time dependence of strength for quasi-static and high-rate short-term loadings. The temperature dependence of the incubation period (latent time) is calculated analytically, and a relation is found between the latent fracture time and the thermal vibration frequency of atoms.     

Refraction of surface spin waves in spatially inhomogeneous ferrodielectrics with biaxial magnetic anisotropy

The refractive index of surface spin waves propagating in a ferromagnetic medium with a nonuniform distribution of the parameters of uniaxial and orthorhombic magnetic anisotropies and exchange coupling is determined within the spin-density formalism. The coefficients of reflection and transmission of spin waves at the interface between two homogeneous magnets with different constants of uniaxial and orthorhombic magnetic anisotropies, exchange coupling, and saturation magnetization are calculated. The dependences of the intensity of a reflected wave and the refractive index on the wave frequency and the strength of an external dc homogeneous magnetic field are determined.     

Giant piezoelectric and dielectric enhancement in disordered heterogeneous systems

Effective complex piezoelectric and dielectric constants of disordered heterogeneous systems, such as statistical mixtures consisting of spheroidal particles of the same orientation but with random distribution in space, are studied. It is found for the first time that, in such systems, there exists giant piezoelectric enhancement accompanied by giant relaxation of piezoelectric coefficients and permittivity. The piezoelectric and dielectric spectra differ considerably from the Debye spectra and have a Cole-Cole character. The dependence of the effects considered on the aspect ratios of the spheroids is investigated. The physical mechanisms responsible for the anomalous behavior of the piezoelectric coefficients and permittivity are considered.     

Galvano-dipolar effect

The phenomenology of the photogalvanic effect permits prediction of a number of physical phenomena, the most interesting of which is the galvano-dipolar effect. This effect consists in the appearance of an electric dipole moment in a sample through which an electric current is passed. A possible microscopic mechanism of this phenomenon, which can be realized in centrosymmetric media as well, is considered.