Analytical methodologies for aluminium speciation in environmental and biological samples--a review

It is recognized that aluminium (Al) is a potential environmental hazard. Acidic deposition has been linked to increased Al concentrations in natural waters. Elevated levels of Al might have serious consequences for biological communities. Of particular interest is the speciation of Al in aquatic environments, because Al toxicity depends on its forms and concentrations. In this paper, advances in analytical methodologies for Al speciation in environmental and biological samples during the past five years are reviewed. Concerns about the specific problems of Al speciation and highlights of some important methods are elucidated in sections devoted to hybrid techniques (HPLC or FPLC coupled with ET-AAS, ICP-AES, or ICP-MS), flow-injection analysis (FIA), nuclear magnetic resonance (27Al NMR), electrochemical analysis, and computer simulation. More than 130 references are cited.     

吡啶甲酸锂-铑(Ⅰ)配合物催化甲醇羰基化反应

本文采用吡啶甲酸或吡啶二甲酸锂盐为配体,与铑形成顺二羰基配合物,用于催化甲醇羰基化制乙酸。研究表明,与通常的铑配合物相比,该类双金属配合物无论在催化活性或乙酸生成的选择性方面均有明显的提高。     

Ligand effect in the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition polymerization (CuAACP)

Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition polymerization (CuAACP) of AB₂ monomers demonstrated a chain-growth mechanism without any external ligand because of the complexation of in situ formed triazole groups with Cu catalysts. In this study, we explored the use of various ligands that affected the polymerization kinetics to tune the polymers’ molecular weights and the degree of branching (DB). Eight ligands were studied, including polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (PEG₃₅₀, M_n = 350), tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA), 2,6-bis(1-undecyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (Py(DBim)₂), 2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy), 4,4′-di-n-nonyl-2,2′-bipyridine (dNbpy), N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), N,N,N′,N″,N″-penta(n-butyl)diethylenetriamine (PBuDETA), and N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentabenzyldiethylenetriamine (PBnDETA). All ligands except PEG₃₅₀ exhibited stronger coordination with Cu(I) than the polytriazole polymer, which freed the Cu catalyst from polymers and resulted in dominant step-growth polymerization with simultaneous chain-growth feature. Meanwhile, the use of PEG₃₅₀ ligand retained the confined Cu in the polymer, demonstrating a chain-growth mechanism, but lower polymer molecular weights as compared with the no-external-ligand polymerization. Results indicated that aliphatic substituent groups on ligands had little effect on the molecular weights and DB of the polymers, but rigid aromatic substituent groups decreased both values. By varying the ligand species and amounts, hyperbranched polymers with DB value ranging from 0.53 ([TBTA]₀/[Cu]₀ = 5) to 0.98 ([PMDETA]₀/[Cu]₀ = 2) have been achieved. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 2238–2244     

Sorption of iodine on Beishan granite: effect of speciation and humic acid

Sorption of iodine on Beishan granite was studied by batch method. Great difference exists in the sorption behaviors of I^? and IO₃^?. Under acidic condition, the sorption of IO₃^? improves dramatically, and IO₃^? could partly convert to I^?. However, the sorption of I^? is close to zero at all studied pH. Humic acid can slight improve the sorption of IO₃^?, but greatly improve the sorption of I^? in acidic condition. The postulated sorption mechanisms of IO₃^? are electrical interaction and followed by reduction.     

Floxuridine Homomeric Oligonucleotides “Hitchhike” with Albumin In Situ for Cancer Chemotherapy

Automated attachment of chemotherapeutic drugs to oligonucleotides through phosphoramidite chemistry and DNA synthesis has emerged as a powerful technology in constructing structure‐defined and payload‐tunable oligonucleotide–drug conjugates. In practice, however, in vivo delivery of these oligonucleotides remains a challenge. Inspired by the systemic transport of hydrophobic payloads by serum albumin in nature, we report the development of a lipid‐conjugated floxuridine homomeric oligonucleotide (LFU20) that “hitchhikes” with endogenous serum albumin for cancer chemotherapy. Upon intravenous injection, LFU20 immediately inserts into the hydrophobic cave of albumin to form an LFU20/albumin complex, which accumulates in the tumor by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and internalizes into the lysosomes of cancer cells. After degradation, cytotoxic floxuridine monophosphate is released to inhibit cell proliferation.     

Coordinate Bond Breaking Induced by Collapse of Poly(begin{document}$N$end{document}-isopropyl acrylamide) as Ligands of a Rare Earth Complex

A novel water-soluble luminescent complex consisting of Eu(ally-dbm)begin{document}$_3$end{document}-2Tppo and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) is synthesized through a series of chemical reactions. The structure of the complex is characterized by TGA, GPC, HNMR, and the thermal-responsive fluorescence of the complex in aqueous solution is investigated. It is found that PNIPAM collapse above the lower critical solution temperature causes the coordination bond breaking, leading to weakening of the fluorescence from Eubegin{document}$^{3+}$end{document} and enhancing of the fluorescence from the ligands. When temperature decreases, the fluorescence from Eubegin{document}$^{3+}$end{document} is found to boost up and the fluorescence from ligands weakens accordingly. It is deduced from this phenomenon that the ligands re-coordinate with europium ions again along with the temperature decreasing, which is further confirmed by IR measurements. This thermal-responsive fluorescence is of reversibility, which can be used as molecular probes for biological imaging and collapse studying of PNIPAM.     

可见光辐射下富勒烯[60]–氧化铁复合催化剂的制备及光芬顿法降解有机污染物研究（英文）

采用简单的可升级的化学浸渍法,将Fe_2O_3掺杂到富勒烯[60](C_(60))上,制得C_(60)-Fe_2O_3纳米复合材料.采用了粉末X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜、高分辨透射电镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱、拉曼光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱,对其进行了表征.结果发现,XPS数据中,Fe2p_(3/2)和Fe2p_(1/2)的XPS特征峰分别位于结合能710.9和724.1 eV处,对应Fe_2O_3的Fe~(3+).富勒烯颗粒均匀分散在Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒表面,Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒的平均尺寸大约为20–30 nm;Fe_2O_3对于可见光只有微弱的吸收,而制备出的C_(60)-Fe_2O_3纳米复合材料对于可见光有较强的吸收响应.本文将C_(60)-Fe_2O_3纳米复合光催化材料用于光催化降解50 mL,20mg/l MB和50 mL,10 mg/L苯酚实验.结果发现,在双氧水存在下和可见光(420 nm)辐射条件下,C_(60)-Fe_2O_3对上述有机污染物均有较好的降解效果.通过测定上述有机物的削减程度,评估了C_(60)-Fe_2O_3催化剂的光催化活性,通过改变实验条件,得到可见光/C_(60)-Fe_2O_3/双氧水体系的最佳光催化降解条件:在pH值为3.06~10.34的范围内,投加0.02 g催化剂,5 mol/L双氧水.结果表明,在最佳条件下,亚甲基蓝在80min内脱色率能达到98.9%,矿化率能达到71%.浸出实验的结果表明,C_(60)-Fe_2O_3复合光催化剂中的铁浸出量可以忽略不计.经过5次循环使用后,C_(60)-Fe_2O_3复合光催化剂仍具有较高的光催化活性.为了进一步验证C_(60)-Fe_2O_3复合光催化剂的应用广泛性,本文在可见光/C_(60)-Fe_2O_3/双氧水体系下,开展了降解RhB,MO和苯酚的试验,结果发现,该催化剂它们也具有高的降解效果.机理研究发现,C_(60)-Fe_2O_3复合光催化剂的高效催化能力可归因于C_(60)和Fe_2O_3的协同效应:在可见光辐射下,由于C_(60)具有独特的光敏性特征,能够接收电子并把它们转移到Fe_2O_3的Fe3d轨道,并通过一系列反应,达到Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)循环平衡.利用活性组分捕集实验,对光催化反应过程中的主要活性氧化剂进行了区分.结果表明,羟基自由基在整个过程中发挥了最主要的作用.     

Pt/ZnO 在室温水相无碱条件下绿色催化苯甲醇选择性氧化

醇类化合物选择性氧化是有机合成中一个非常重要的反应, 在精细化工领域具有重要应用. 而以水为绿色溶剂, 分子氧为绿色氧化剂实现醇类化合物选择性氧化是绿色化学领域的一大挑战. Pt 催化剂由于其优异的活化氧气和 C-H 键的能力在该反应中得到了广泛应用. 但是, 常规的 Pt 催化剂通常需要在较高温度和较高氧气压力以及加碱的条件下才能发挥作用, 从而引起了催化剂腐蚀等一系列问题. 从绿色化学角度出发, 进一步优化 Pt 催化剂, 让其能够在室温无碱条件下以空气为氧化剂选择性氧化醇类合成羰基化合物具有重要的研究价值和应用前景.本文通过化学还原法制备了 Pt/ZnO 催化剂, 系统研究了该催化剂在水相无碱条件下选择性氧化苯甲醇生成苯甲醛反应中的催化性能. X 射线电子衍射和透射电镜等结果表明, Pt 颗粒较小(3.2 ± 0.3 nm), 均匀分散在 ZnO 载体上; X 射线光电子能谱表明 ZnO 载体能够稳定 Pt 纳米颗粒表面的 Pt0物种. 上述催化剂在水相苯甲醇选择性氧化反应中, 在室温下即可催化空气高选择性氧化苯甲醇到苯甲醛 (选择性>99%), 并表现出比 Pt/SiO2, Pt/Al2O3, Pt/TiO2, Pt/Ca(Mg)-ZSM-5 等催化剂更为优异的催化活性. 这可归结于 Pt 和 ZnO 之间的协同作用. 该协同作用通过动力学实验和密度泛函理论计算 (DFT)得到了证实. 氧分压实验表明, 在以空气为氧化剂时, O2的活化并不是限制 Pt/ZnO 催化活性的关键因素, 而动力学同位素效应实验则证实了苯甲醇的 C-H 键活化是整个反应的决速步骤. 通过构建不同的理论模型, 分别计算了 Pt/ZnO 界面处以及纯 Pt 位点上苯甲醇选择性氧化的反应过程. 结果表明, 苯甲醇和氧气分子倾向于分别在 ZnO 和 Pt 上进行吸附, 随后由吸附的氧气分子来活化苯甲醇中的 C-H 键, 进而生成苯甲醛和水. 而当 ZnO 不参与苯甲醇的吸附活化时, 整个反应的活化能会大大提高, 表明 ZnO 和 Pt 之间的协同作用对于整个反应至关重要. 此外, Pt/ZnO 表现出非常优异的稳定性, 循环使用 4 次后, 催化剂结构以及催化活性没有显著变化.进一步向 Pt/ZnO 催化剂中引入少量 Bi 元素对 Pt 的电子结构进行修饰, 可以将 Pt/ZnO 的催化活性提高 3 倍. 所制备的 Pt/Bi-ZnO 复合物是目前报道的相同条件下催化苯甲醇选择性氧化反应转化频率 (45.1 h-1)最高的催化剂.     

One‐Step Synthesis of Hybrid Core–Shell Metal–Organic Frameworks

Epitaxial growth of MOF‐on‐MOF composite is an evolving research topic in the quest for multifunctional materials. In previously reported methods, the core–shell MOFs were synthesized via a stepwise strategy that involved growing the shell‐MOFs on top of the preformed core‐MOFs with matched lattice parameters. However, the inconvenient stepwise synthesis and the strict lattice‐matching requirement have limited the preparation of core–shell MOFs. Herein, we demonstrate that hybrid core–shell MOFs with mismatching lattices can be synthesized under the guidance of nucleation kinetic analysis. A series of MOF composites with mesoporous core and microporous shell were constructed and characterized by optical microscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, gas sorption measurement, and scanning electron microscopy. Isoreticular expansion of microporous shells and orthogonal modification of the core was realized to produce multifunctional MOF composites, which acted as size selective catalysts for olefin epoxidation with high activity and selectivity.