In response to a stimulus, a soft material deforms, and the deformation provides a function. We call such a material a soft active material (SAM). This review focuses on one class of soft active materials: dielectric elastomers. When a membrane of a dielectric elastomer is subject to a voltage through its thickness, the membrane reduces thickness and expands area, possibly straining over 100%. The dielectric elastomers are being developed as transducers for broad applications, including soft robots, adaptive optics, Braille displays, and electric generators. This paper reviews the theory of dielectric elastomers, developed within continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, and motivated by molecular pictures and empirical observations. The theory couples large deformation and electric potential, and describes nonlinear and nonequilibrium behavior, such as electromechanical instability and viscoelasticity. The theory enables the finite element method to simulate transducers of realistic configurations, predicts the efficiency of electromechanical energy conversion, and suggests alternative routes to achieve giant voltage-induced deformation. It is hoped that the theory will aid in the creation of materials and devices. 相似文献
Cellular pH homeostasis is essential for many physiological and pathological processes. pH monitoring is helpful for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disorders and diseases. Herein, we developed a ratiometric fluorescent pH probe (TCC) based on a coumarin derivative containing a highly active lactone ring. TCC exhibited a typical AIE effect and emitted blue fluorescence under weak acidic condition. When under weak basic condition, the active lactone moiety underwent a hydrolysis reaction to afford a water-soluble product, which gave red-shifted emission. The emission color change from blue through cyan and then to yellow within pH 6.5–9.0 which is approximate to the biological pH range. And the fluorescence color change along with pH value is reversible. Furthermore, TCC was successfully utilized in the detection of the intracellular pH change of live HeLa cells, which indicated that TCC had practical potential in biomedical research.
We examine the origin of diffuse gas-particle scattering by molecular dynamics simulation and show that diffuse scattering is the consequence of gas molecule trapping on the particle surface. Trapping occurs because of gas-particle interactions and the particle's ability of energy accommodation. These observations explain the transition from specular-to-diffuse scattering as the particle size becomes larger than the molecular size. We discuss the implication of this transition on the transport properties of nanometer-size particles. 相似文献
We report the first observation of stationary necklacelike solitons. Such necklace structures were realized when a high-order vortex beam was launched appropriately into a two-dimensional optically induced photonic lattice. Our theoretical results obtained with continuous and discrete models show that the necklace solitons resulting from a charge-4 vortex have a pi phase difference between adjacent "pearls" and are formed in an octagon shape. Their stability region is identified. 相似文献
Although the contortions required are unprecedented, the benzynes formed by the fluoride-induced elimination of TMSOTf from o-trimethylsilyl [6]- and [7]-helicenol triflates add to another ring of the helicenes rather than to an external furan molecule. 相似文献
A bridging chemistry process was developed to form an ether bridge between 6-O and 11-O of erythromycin A via a tandem or stepwise palladium-catalyzed bis-pi-allylation. By applying this bridging process, new 6,11-O-bridged bicyclic ketolides (BBKs) were synthesized. These BBKs showed good antibacterial activities against the macrolide-susceptible strains as well as mef-resistant strains and served as a good core for further modifications to study the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and to overcome bacterial resistance. [reaction: see text] 相似文献
The nanocrystalline BiVO4 film electrode on conducting glass showed an excellent efficiency (IPCE = 29% at 420 nm) for the decomposition of water under visible light. 相似文献
A new metabolite xyloketal H (1), was isolated from mangrove fungus Xylaria sp. (No.2508) obtained from the South China Sea. By spectroscopic analyses, primarily 2D NMR methods and X-ray diffraction
experiments, its structure was elucidated.
Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 5–6, January–February, 2008. 相似文献