Cellulose hydrolysis using zinc chloride as a solvent and catalyst

Cellulose gel with < 10% of crystallinity was prepared by treatment of microcrystalline cellulose, Avicel, with zinc chloride solution at a ratio of zinc chloride to cellulose from 1.5 to 18 (w/w). The presence of zinc ions in the cellulose gels enhanced the rate of hydrolysis and glucose yield. The evidence obtained from X-ray diffraction, iodine absorption experiments; and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra analysis suggested the presence of zinc-cellulose complex after Avicel was treated with zinc chloride. Zinc-cellulose complex was more susceptible to hydrolysis than amorphous cellulose. Under the experimental condition, cellulose gels with zinc ions were hyrolyzed to glucose with 95% theoretical yield and a concentration of 14% (w/v) by cellulases within 20 h. The same gel was hydrolyzed by acid to glucose with 91.5% yield and a concentration of 13.4% (w/v).     

Bimetallic reactivity. One-site addition two-metal oxidation reaction of dioxygen with a bimetallic dicobalt(II) complex bearing five- and six-coordinate sites

The di-Co(2+) complex, [Co(2+)(mu-OH)(oxapyme)Co(2+)(H(2)O)](+), contains an unsymmetrical binucleating ligand (oxapyme) which provides five- and six-coordinate metal sites when a hydroxide bridge is introduced. This complex absorbs 1 equiv of O(2) irreversibly in solution, producing an unstable di-Co(3+) oxygenated product. The oxygenated product has been studied at low temperatures, where its electronic absorption and (1)H NMR spectra were recorded. It is probable that the oxygenation reaction involves a one-site addition two-metal oxidation reaction to produce an end-on-bonded peroxide ligand at the available coordination site, giving the complex [Co(3+)(mu-OH)(oxapyme)Co(3+)(mu(1)-O(2))](+). Addition of 1 equiv of HClO(4) to this oxygenation product gives a stable peroxide complex, [Co(3+)(mu,eta(1):eta(2)-O(2))(oxapyme)Co(3+)](2+), where one of the oxygen atoms bridges the two metals and is sideways bonded to one of the metals. The formation of this stable complex involves expulsion of the OH(-) bridge. Addition of NO(2)(-) to the sideways-bonded peroxide complex leads to the formation of another stable complex, [Co(3+)(mu,eta(1):eta(1)-O(2))(oxapyme)Co(3+)(NO(2))](+), where the peroxide forms a classic di-end-on bridge to the two metals. Both of these complexes have been fully characterized. Addition of acid to this second stable dioxygen complex leads to the release of HNO(2) and the formation of the mu,eta(1):eta(2) sideways-bonded peroxide complex.     

Self-assembly in palladium(II) and platinum(II) chemistry: the biomimetic approach

The self-assembly of complex cationic structures by combination of cis-blocked square planar palladium(II) or platinum(II) units with bis(pyridyl) ligands having bridging amide units has been investigated. The reactions have yielded dimers, molecular triangles, and polymers depending primarily on the geometry of the bis(pyridyl) ligand. In many cases, the molecular units are further organized in the solid state through hydrogen bonding between amide units or between amide units and anions. The molecular triangle [Pt(3)(bu(2)bipy)(3)(mu-1)(3)](6+), M = Pd or Pt, bu(2)bipy = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine, and 1 = N-(4-pyridinyl)isonicotinamide, stacks to give dimers by intertriangle NH.OC hydrogen bonding. The binuclear ring complexes [[Pd(LL)(mu-2)](2)](CF(3)SO(3))(4), LL = dppm = Ph(2)PCH(2)PPh(2) or dppp = Ph(2)P(CH(2))(3)PPh(2) and 2 = NC(5)H(4)-3-CH(2)NHCOCONHCH(2)-3-C(5)H(4)N, form transannular hydrogen bonds between the bridging ligands. The complexes [[Pd(LL)(mu-3)](2)](CF(3)SO(3))(4), LL = dppm or dppp, L = PPh(3), and 3 = N,N'-bis(pyridin-3-yl)-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, and [[Pd(LL)(mu-4)](2)](CF(3)SO(3))(4), LL = dppm, dppp, or bu(2)bipy, L = PPh(3), and 4 = N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-yl)-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, are suggested to exist as U-shaped or square dimers, respectively. The ligands N,N'-bis(pyridin-3-yl)isophthalamide, 5, or N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-yl)isophthalamide, 6, give the complexes [[Pd(LL)(mu-5)](2)](CF(3)SO(3))(4) or [[Pd(LL)(mu-6)](2)](CF(3)SO(3))(4), but when LL = dppm or dppp, the zigzag polymers [[Pd(LL)(mu-6)](x)](CF(3)SO(3))(2)(x) are formed. When LL = dppp, a structure determination shows formation of a laminated sheet structure by hydrogen bonding between amide NH groups and triflate anions of the type NH-OSO-HN.     

A zwitterion of 1,5‐bis­(2‐hydroxy­benzamido)‐3‐aza­pentane: a two‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonding network involving dimers

The title compound, 2‐{N‐[2‐(2‐hydroxy­benzamido)ethyl­ammonio­ethyl]amino­carbon­yl}phenolate, C₁₈H₂₁N₃O₄, crystallizes in a zwitterionic form as a result of inter­molecular proton transfer and possesses a negatively charged phenolate group and a protonated amino group. The 2‐hydroxy­benzamide and 2‐(amino­carbonyl)­phenolate moieties attached to the two ends of the C—C—N—C—C backbone adopt a cis conformation in relation to this backbone. All N‐ and O‐bound H atoms are involved in hydrogen‐bond formation; the zwitterions are first linked into head‐to‐tail dimers, which are further organized into a two‐dimensional network parallel to the crystallographic bc plane.     

The syntheses of 16a'-homo-leurosidine and 16a'-homo-vinblastine. Generation of atropisomers

The synthesis of 16a'-homo-leurosidine was achieved through enantioselective generation of a ring D'-seco-precursor 33 (without requirement of a chiral auxiliary). Its cyclization provided the N(b')-quaternary salt 35 with a configuration corresponding to the atropisomeric form 8a rather than 8b of the target product. On debenzylation, the amine 8a was obtained and found not to isomerize thermally to the anticipated atropisomer 8b (in contrast to its lower homologue, with its formation of natural leurosidine). However, on protonation, a 1:1 mixture of atropisomers of 16a'-homo-leurosidine was obtained. A synthesis of 16a'-homo-vinblastine provided two atropisomers 5a and 5b for the free base at equilibrium (1:2.3 at room temperature in CDCl(3)), with a shift to the major conformer 5b with increasing solvent acidity or decreasing temperature. The synthesis was achieved through a stereoselective inversion of the tertiary hydroxyl function in the enantioselectively generated C-20' progenitor 39.     

The molecular mechanism of stabilization of proteins by TMAO and its ability to counteract the effects of urea

Trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO) is a naturally occurring osmolyte that stabilizes proteins and offsets the destabilizing effects of urea. To investigate the molecular mechanism of these effects, we have studied the thermodynamics of interaction between TMAO and protein functional groups. The solubilities of a homologous series of cyclic dipeptides were measured by differential refractive index and the dissolution heats were determined calorimetrically as a function of TMAO concentration at 25 degrees C. The transfer free energy of the amide unit (-CONH-) from water to 1 M TMAO is large and positive, indicating an unfavorable interaction between the TMAO solution and the amide unit. This unfavorable interaction is enthalpic in origin. The interaction between TMAO and apolar groups is slightly favorable. The transfer free energy of apolar groups from water to TMAO consists of favorable enthalpic and unfavorable entropic contributions. This is in contrast to the contributions for the interaction between urea and apolar groups. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to provide a structural framework for the interpretation of these results. The simulations show enhancement of water structure by TMAO in the form of a slight increase in the number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule, stronger water hydrogen bonds, and long-range spatial ordering of the solvent. These findings suggest that TMAO stabilizes proteins via enhancement of water structure, such that interactions with the amide unit are discouraged.     

新型四硫代富瓦烯衍生物的合成及其性质的研究

合成了3个新的含有卤素取代基的四硫代富瓦烯衍生物及6个新的相关化合物。利用溶液的电子吸收光谱对四硫代富瓦烯衍生物的性质进行了研究。研究结果表明, 四硫代富瓦烯衍生物的分子中π轨道之间的能级差较小, 因而分子具有较高的稳定性。     

Chiral coordination polymer as a luminescence sensor for small organic molecules

1. Download high-res image (178KB)
2. Download full-size image

     

Chemiluminescence flow system for the determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in water

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) flow system has been developed for the sequential determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in water. Fe(II) was detected by its catalytic effect on the CL reaction between luminol immobilized on an anion exchange resin column and dissolved oxygen; Fe(III) was determined by difference measurement after on-line conversion to Fe(II) in a reducing mini-column packed with Cu plated Zn granules. For both ions, the calibration graph was linear in the range 1 × 10^–9 to 1 × 10^–6 g/mL, and the detection limit was 4 × 10^–10 g/mL. A complete analysis could be performed in 1.5 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. The system could be reused for over 200 times and has been applied successfully to the determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in natural water samples. Received: 13 March 1997 / Revised: 3 June 1997 / Accepted: 6 June 1997     

IR, MS studies on (+/-)-1-[3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]-4-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)aminocarbonylmethyl]piperazine dihydrochloride salt

The vibration spectrum and FAB mass spectrum of (+/-)-1-[3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]-4-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)aminocarbonylmethyl]piperazine dihydrochloride salt was studied. By comparing with the spectra of free base, different bands of IR were found in the NH+ stretching, the NH+ deformation motion, the CH2 of NCH2 group symmetric stretching, the CH2 of N-CH2 group twisting and the CN stretching. FAB shows the basic peak is M + H. Other m/e peaks are consistent with the structure.