GC-MS of volatile components of Schisandra chinensis obtained by supercritical fluid and conventional extraction

In this paper, the volatile compounds of Schisandra chinensis obtained by different extraction techniques including supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), steam distillation (SD), Soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were investigated for the first time. The sample preparation procedure for GC-MS analysis of the volatile compounds was optimized and then 37, 45, 27 and 37 compounds were identified in the samples obtained by SFE, SD, SE and UAE methods, respectively. As the therapeutic effect of the traditional Chinese medicine is usually based on multifarious essential components or the combination of them instead of only one component, the volatile compounds were compared in groups with the extracts by SE, SD and UAE. This would be more reasonable to evaluate the effects of an alternative technique to extracting multifarious essential components. Among the identified components in the SFE extract, 32 compounds were the same as that by three conventional methods, accounting for 90.5% of the volatile compounds identified. However, as the volatile compounds were classed into groups, it was easy to see that the Schisandra chinensis oil extracted by SFE was made up largely of aromatics and sesquiterpenoids (52.1 and 27.6%, respectively), with less amounts of monoterpenoids and other compounds, distinguishing SFE from the conventional extractions.     

Simultaneous determination of ambroxol and salbutamol in human plasma by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

A rapid, selective and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay method was developed for simultaneous determination of ambroxol and salbutamol in human plasma using citalopram hydrobromide as internal standard (IS). The sample was alkalinized with ammonia water (33:67, v/v) and extracted by single liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Separation was achieved on Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C₁₈ column using a gradient program at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Detection was performed using electrospray ionization in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode by monitoring the ion transitions m/z 378.9 → 263.6 (ambroxol), m/z 240.2 → 147.7 (salbutamol) and m/z 325.0 → 261.7 (IS). The total analytical run time was relatively short (3 min). Calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.5–100.0 ng/mL for ambroxol and 0.2–20.0 ng/mL for salbutamol, with intra‐ and inter‐run precision (relative standard deviation) <15% and accuracy (relative error) ranging from 97.7 to 112.1% for ambroxol and from 94.5 to 104.1% for salbutamol. The method was successfully applied in a clinical pharmacokinetic study of the compound ambroxol and salbutamol tablets.     

自适应稀疏伪谱逼近新方法

自适应稀疏伪谱逼近法是广义混沌多项式类方法的最新进展,相对于其它方法具有计算精度高、速度快的优点.但它仍存在如下缺点：1）终止判据对逼近误差的估计精度偏低;2）只适用于单输出问题.本文提出了适用于多输出问题且具有更高逼近精度的自适应稀疏伪谱逼近新方法.本文首先提出了新型终止判据及基于此新型终止判据的自适应稀疏伪谱逼近新方法,并以命题的形式证明了新型终止判据相比于现有终止判据具有更高的估计精度,从而使基于此的逼近函数精度更接近于预期精度;进而,本文基于指标集的统一策略和新型终止判据,提出了适用于多输出问题的自适应稀疏伪谱逼近新方法,该方法因能充分利用各输出变量的抽样结果,具有比将单输出方法直接推广到多输出问题更高的计算效率.多个算例验证了本文所提出新方法的有效性和正确性.     

Experimental Investigation on Correlation Between Permeability Variation and Pore Structure During Coal Pyrolysis

Transport in porous media with chemical and thermal effects is a common phenomenon; it is also a complicated scientific problem with applications in the field of mining engineering. In situ pyrolysis for coal gas generation is just such a problem, involving material and structural changes in the coal and surrounding rocks, with massive thermal and chemical effects. The transport properties of the coal are substantially changed, which in turn affect the thermal and chemico-mechanical reactions. A series of laboratory experiments on pore structure and permeability changes during gas coal pyrolysis were carried; the experimental procedure and results are described and analyzed in this study. The pore volume and permeability of tested specimens experienced modest changes during the heating process from 20 to 300°C, but when heated from 300 to 400°C, large pores in the specimens greatly increased and the overall porosity reached 23% at 400°C, which is larger than the percolation threshold value of the rock mass with pores and cracks. The permeability of the specimens increased exponentially with temperature, evidencing the massive structural changes that took place in the specimens during the pyrolysis process. In the high temperature range from 400 to 600°C, fewer changes in the specific surface area of microscopic and small pores in the coal took place, but the pore volume and porosity increased linearly with temperature.     

The Constitute Law of Gas Seepage in Rock Fractures Undergoing Three-dimensional Stress

This paper is based on the research we have done in recent years of the constitute law of gas seepage in rock fractures. Both experiments and theoretical derivations will be discussed. The gases used in our experiments include methane and CO₂, both of which are highly adsorptive. The experiments were conducted mainly in coal fractures. The results reveal that the permeability coefficient of gas in rock fractures varies parabolically with respect to fracture pore pressure. When the pore pressure is below a certain value, the permeability coefficient decreases while the pore pressure increases. It is different from the water seepage law in fractures. Analysis shows that this abnormality is caused by adsorption. It is also concluded that the tangent deformation has the same effects as normal deformation on gas seepage law. The permeability of gas in fractures has a negative exponent relationship with both normal deformation and tangent deformation.     

水稻剑叶叶绿素含量相关性状的QTL分析

利用包含117个株系的籼粳杂交来源(窄叶青8号×京系17)的水稻加倍单倍体(DH)群体,对剑叶叶绿素含量相关的4个生理性状(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b和叶绿素a/b)进行数量性状基因座位(quantitativetrait loci,QTL)分析.在DH群体中,剑叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b与总叶绿素含量彼此之间均呈极显著正相关,叶绿素a/b比值与叶绿素b含量呈极显著负相关.叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量及叶绿素a/b值均呈现出连续性分布,且有明显的超亲分离,表明受微效多基因控制.4个性状共检测到11个QTL位点,分布在6条染色体上,这些QTL对相应性状的贡献率介于9.2%~19.6%之间.其中控制叶绿素a含量的2个QTL位点位于第2、5染色体上;影响叶绿素b含量的4个QTL分别定位在第2、3、5、9染色体上;控制总叶绿素含量的3个QTL位于第3、5、9染色体上;影响叶绿素a/b值的2个QTL位点位于第6、11染色体上.文章系统讨论了这4个叶绿素相关性状的相互关系及其定位结果在水稻育种上的实践意义.     

集胞藻PCC6803脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因desD在转基因水稻中的表达

为了提高水稻的耐冷性，从集胞藻PCC6803中克隆酰基脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因desD与植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301连接，构建了重组质粒pCdesD。采用农杆菌介导的水稻愈伤组织转化系统将desD基因成功地导入粳稻中花11号和朝鲜的平壤21号中，获得一批转基因植株。经PCR检测和Southern杂交分析，证明外源基因已导入并整合到水稻的基因组中；分子检测外源基因单拷贝整合的转化体在T1代呈现3：1的分离。Northern杂交结果表明该基因在mRNA水平上获得表达。低温胁迫处理后，对转基因水稻进行脂肪酸成分和光合生理分析，结果表明转基因水稻提高了不饱和脂肪酸含量，光合生理也得到了改善，水稻的耐寒能力明显增强。     

地基沉降计算新方法的探索

目前地基沉降理论计算方法基本上把沉降分段计算,事实上,主、次固结沉降是同时发生的。本文在实践基础上提出用静力触探法和瞬态R波法进行地基沉降计算,通过理论推导并与实测资料进行对比,论证了这两种方法都是快捷有效且具有发展前途的方法。