引射器入口形状对PDE的性能影响实验

对具有两种不同进气口形状的脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)引射器增推性能进行了实验研究.实验采用汽油为燃料,空气为氧化剂.文章设计了六组具有不同直径,不同引射器入口形状的圆柱型引射器.实验采用力传感器法对具有圆形和收敛形入口形状的引射器的增推性能进行了实验研究.结果发现脉冲爆震发动机加引射器后的增推性能均有明显的改善.在引射器长径比一定的情况下,采用收敛型进气口的引射器普遍比采用圆形进气口结构的引射器增推效果明显.当引射器位于主爆震管的上游时,直径比为2.5引射器相对其它引射器具有更高的推力增益,最大可达80.5%.     

吸气式脉冲爆震发动机喷管试验研究

分别对采用不同面积比、不同长径比的收敛喷管、扩张喷管和收扩喷管的吸气式脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)进行了多循环爆震试验研究,着重研究了不同工作频率下喷管面积比和长径比对吸气式PDE性能的影响.研究发现,各个工作频率下,收敛喷管均能显著提高发动机性能,面积比越小,增推效果越好,最大能够达到32%;扩张喷管则降低发动机性能或者增推效果有限;收敛扩张喷管增推效果略低于对应面积比的收敛喷管.喷管长径比对吸气式PDE性能影响不大,随着长径比增加,PDE推力略有降低.     

Surface wrinkling of mucosa induced by volumetric growth: Theory, simulation and experiment

Mechanics of living tissues focusing on the relationships between growth, morphology and function is not only of theoretical interest but can also be useful for diagnosis of certain diseases. In this paper, we model the surface wrinkling morphology of mucosa, the moist tissue that commonly lines organs and cavities throughout the body, induced by either physiological or pathological volumetric growth. A theoretical framework of finite deformation is adopted to analyze the deformation of a cylindrical cavity covered by mucosal and submucosal layers. It is shown that compressive residual stresses induced by the confined growth of mucosa can destabilize the tissue into various surface wrinkling patterns. A linear stability analysis of the critical condition and characteristic buckling patterns indicates that the wrinkling mode is sensitive to the thicknesses of the mucosal and submucosal layers, as well as the properties of the tissues. The thinner the mucosal layer and the lower its elastic modulus, the shorter the buckling wavelength. A series of finite element simulations are performed to validate the theoretical predictions and to study local wrinkling or non-uniform patterns associated with inhomogeneous growth. Our postbuckling analysis shows that the surface pattern may evolve towards a period-doubling morphology due to continuous growth of mucosa or submucosa beyond the critical state. Finally, the theoretical predictions and numerical simulations are compared to experimental observations.     

Mechanical property of carbon nanotubes with intramolecular junctions: Molecular dynamics simulations

Intramolecular junctions (IMJs) of carbon nanotubes hold a promise of potential applications in nano-electromechanical systems. However, their structure-property relation is still unclear. Using the revised second-generation Tersoff-Brenner potential, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the mechanical properties of single-walled to four-walled carbon nanotubes with IMJs under uniaxial tension. The dependence of deformation and failure behaviors of IMJs on the geometric parameters was examined. It was found that the rupture strength of a junction is close to that of its thinner carbon nanotube segment, and the rupture strain and Young's modulus show a significant dependence on its geometry. The simulations also revealed that the damage and rupture of multi-walled carbon nanotube junctions take place first in the innermost layer and then propagate consecutively to the outer layers. This study is helpful for optimal design and safety evaluation of IMJ-based nanoelectronics.     

Geometry independence of the normalized relaxation functions of viscoelastic materials in indentation

The normalized relaxation modulus represents a salient feature of viscoelastic materials and its determination is of great significance for various applications. From the normalized relaxation modulus, for instance, one can derive the loss factor of a viscoelastic polymer and judge whether a material is suitable for damping applications or not. By using dimensional analysis and the elastic–viscoelastic correspondence principle, the normalized relaxation function of a linear viscoelastic material obtained from indentation relaxation tests is shown to depend only on the indentation load but not on the indenter geometry and the shape of the indented solid. The result could enable circumvention of the difficulties encountered in the calibration of the indenter geometry and the preparation of indented samples. Numerical simulations are performed on a number of cases of practical interest, including the spherical indentation test of a soft layer lying on a rigid substrate, a flat punch indenter indenting into a soft layer with a rough surface bonded to a rigid substrate, a rigid indenter with irregular shape indenting into a particle, inclined contact of a cylindrical indenter with a cylinder, and indentation of porous substrates. The numerical examples demonstrate that the conclusion from the theoretical analysis is valid for all these situations.     

Elasticity-driven droplet movement on a microbeam with gradient stiffness: a biomimetic self-propelling mechanism

Directional movement of liquid droplets is of significance not only for certain physiological processes in nature but also for design of some microfluidic devices. In this study, we report a novel way to drive directional movement of liquid droplets on a microbeam with a varying or gradient stiffness. We use the energy method to theoretically analyze the interaction between a droplet and the elastic microbeam. The system tends to have the minimum potential energy when the droplet moves to the softer end of the beam. Therefore, a gradient change of the bending stiffness may be utilized to help the directional motion of droplets. Similarly, one can also drive droplets to move in a designed direction by varying the cross sectional geometry of the beam. Finally, some possible applications of this self-propelling mechanism are suggested.     

A dynamic cellular vertex model of growing epithelial tissues

Intercellular interactions play a significant role in a wide range of biological functions and processes at both the cellular and tissue scales, for example, embryogenesis, organogenesis, and cancer invasion. In this paper, a dynamic cellular vertex model is presented to study the morphome-chanics of a growing epithelial monolayer. The regulating role of stresses in soft tissue growth is revealed. It is found that the cells originating from the same parent cell in the monolayer can orchestrate into clustering patterns as the tis-sue grows. Collective cell migration exhibits a feature of spatial correlation across multiple cells. Dynamic intercel-lular interactions can engender a variety of distinct tissue behaviors in a social context. Uniform cell proliferation may render high and heterogeneous residual compressive stresses, while stress-regulated proliferation can effectively release the stresses, reducing the stress heterogeneity in the tissue. The results highlight the critical role of mechanical factors in the growth and morphogenesis of epithelial tissues and help understand the development and invasion of epithelial tumors.     

Influence of Considering the Sorption Effect in the Betti-Maxwell Reciprocal Theorem on Gas Transport Capacity in Unconventional Reservoirs

Transport in Porous Media - Pore bulk modulus in continuum apparent permeability models was generally treated as an independent parameter or deduced from the Betti-Maxwell reciprocal theorem...