Ferromagnetism induced by intrinsic defects and nitrogen substitution in SnO2 nanotube

The possibilities of magnetism induced by intrinsic defects and nitrogen substitution in (5,5) single-wall SnO₂ nanotube are investigated by ab initio calculations. The calculated results indicate that a stoichiometric SnO₂ nanotube is nonmagnetic. The tin (Sn) vacancy can induce the magnetic moments rather than oxygen vacancy, which is originated from the polarization of O 2p electrons. A couple of tin vacancies can lead to the ferromagnetic coupling. A nitrogen substitution for oxygen also produces magnetic moments. When substituting two nitrogen atoms, the characteristics of exchange coupling depend upon the distance of two nitrogen atoms. The longer distance of two nitrogen atoms prefers the ferromagnetic coupling, whereas the short distance leads to the antiferromagnetic coupling.     

Observation of ZnO nanoparticles outside pores of nano Zn4O(C8H4O4)3 metal-organic framework

It was recognized that ZnO can be formed during synthesizing nano Zn₄O(C₈H₄O₄)₃ metal-organic framework (nano MOF-5). Furthermore, it is generally accepted that the ZnO is dispersed inside the pores of MOF-5. However, herein, the measurements of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the crystal particle sizes of ZnO in MOF-5 are in the range of 5-18 nm, which are larger than the pore size of MOF-5 (1.3 nm). This clearly demonstrates that those ZnO nanoparticles are located outside the pores of MOF-5.     

Design and fabrication of Gires�CTournois interferometers for?Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser system

A Gires?CTournois interferometer (GTI) with large dispersion compensation was designed and fabricated according to the requirement of the Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser system. The designed GTI can provide an average group delay dispersion (GDD) of ?1500 fs² and a high reflectance (>99.7%) from 1030 to 1050 nm. The Ion-assisted Deposition (IAD) technique was utilized to manufacture the mirror. Good agreement between the measured and designed results both for reflectance and GDD was achieved. The reflectance during 1030?C1050 nm was above 99.5% and the GDD ripple was less than ±300 fs². The GTI was used both in the intracavity dispersion compensation and extracavity pulse compression for the Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser system. A mode-locked soliton pulse with a 506-fs duration was recorded. An extracavity pulse compression test showed that the GTI had identical pulse compression capability as the conventional grating pairs while the energy loss was obviously reduced. Our results demonstrated that the HDM, which was able to provide quite a large amount of negative dispersion (???8×10⁴ fs²), could be an ideal alternative to replace the dispersive compensating grating pairs for the dispersion compensation of the Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser system.     

Surface self-diffusion behavior of individual tungsten adatoms on rhombohedral clusters

The diffusion of single tungsten adatoms on the surfaces of rhombohedral clusters is studied by means of molecular dynamics and the embedded atom method. The energy barriers for the adatom diffusing across and along the step edge between a {110} facet and a neighboring {110} facet are calculated using the nudged elastic band method. We notice that the tungsten adatom diffusion across the step edge has a much higher barrier than that for face-centered cubic metal clusters. The result shows that diffusion from the {110} facet to a neighboring {110} facet could not take place at low temperatures. In addition, the calculated energy barrier for an adatom diffusing along the step edge is lower than that for an adatom on the flat (110) surface. The results show that the adatom could diffuse easily along the step edge, and could be trapped by the facet corner. Taking all of this evidence together, we infer that the {110} facet starts to grow from the facet corner, and then along the step edge, and finally toward the {110} facet center. So the tungsten rhombohedron can grow epitaxially along the {110} facet one facet at a time and the rhombohedron should be the stable structure for both large and small tungsten clusters.     

Measurements of the cross section for e(+)e(-) --> hadrons at center-of-mass energies from 2 to 5 GeV

We report values of R = sigma(e(+)e(-)-->hadrons)/sigma(e(+)e(-)-->mu(+)mu(-)) for 85 center-of-mass energies between 2 and 5 GeV measured with the upgraded Beijing Spectrometer at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider.     

Approximate analytic theory of the multijunction grill

A general approximate analytic theory of the multijunction grill is developed. Omitting the evanescent modes in the subsidiary waveguides both at the junction and at the grill mouth and neglecting multiple wave reflection between the same places we derive simple formulae for the reflection coefficient, the amplitudes of the incident and reflected waves and the spectral power density. All these quantities are expressed through the basic grill parameters (the electric length of the structure and the phase shift between adjacent waveguides) and two sets of the reflection coefficients describing wave reflections in the subsidiary waveguides at the junction and at the mouth. The approximate expressions for these coefficients are also given. The results are compared with numerical solution of two specific examples and they prove to be useful for the optimization and design of the multijunction grills. For the JET structure, which is composed of multijunction sections, it is shown that, in the case of the dense plasma, many results can be obtained from the simple formulae for two-waveguide multijunction grill.A part of this work was done at the stay of the second author in the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna and he wishes to thank that Institution for hospitality.     

Collinear acoustooptical interaction in annealed proton-exchanged LiNbO_3 waveguides

The performances of the proto-exchanged(PE) LiNbO_3 waveguides as a key ele-ment of acoustooptical deflector or spectrum analyzer were distinctly improved after anneal-ing.In this paper,reasons for the improvement are analysed by applying the theories of modecoupling and multilayer waveguides,so as to provide a theoretical basis for further improve-ment of the performances of the devices.     

119Sn and121Sb Mössbauer studies of BaSn1−x Sb x O3 Perovskite system

The relations between the electrical characteristics of BaSn_1?x Sb _x O₃ perovskite system and the contents of BaO, Sb₂O₃ and silicate sintering agent were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was found that the electrical conductivity is related to the substitution of Sb³⁺ for Sn⁴⁺, the content of sintering agent and the phase constitutents in samples. BaSnO₃, Ba₃Sn₂O₇, Ba₂SnO₄ and SnO₂ phases might appear in different fractions when the contents of BaO change from 0.5 mole to 3.5 mole. In low antimony percentage condition, pentavalent Sb³⁺ ions inserted in Sn⁴⁺ sites and formed the donor center. In high antimony percentage (x≥0.20) condition, the existence of an insulating phase (BaSb₂O₆) was confirmed.     

光纤传感器低温啁啾现象的分析

介绍了光纤光栅传感原理,依据传感机理制作了两种结构材料的光纤光栅传感器,对它们进行了试验,将试验后的传感数据进行了拟合分析和比对,并对它们在低温环境下产生的啁啾现象进行了分析,验证了采用预拉工艺对解决啁啾现象的可行性。     

Modelling the spreading rate of controlled communicable epidemics through an entropy-based thermodynamic model

A model based on a thermodynamic approach is proposed for predicting the dynamics of communicable epidemics assumed to be governed by controlling eforts of multiple scales so that an entropy is associated with the system.All the epidemic details are factored into a single and time-dependent coefcient,the functional form of this coefcient is found through four constraints,including notably the existence of an inflexion point and a maximum.The model is solved to give a log-normal distribution for the spread rate,for which a Shannon entropy can be defined.The only parameter,that characterizes the width of the distribution function,is uniquely determined through maximizing the rate of entropy production.This entropy-based thermodynamic(EBT)model predicts the number of hospitalized cases with a reasonable accuracy for SARS in the year 2003.This EBT model can be of use for potential epidemics such as avian influenza and H7N9 in China.