Nanoparticle-coated separators for lithium-ion batteries with advanced electrochemical performance

We report a simple, scalable approach to improve the interfacial characteristics and, thereby, the performance of commonly used polyolefin based battery separators. The nanoparticle-coated separators are synthesized by first plasma treating the membrane in oxygen to create surface anchoring groups followed by immersion into a dispersion of positively charged SiO(2) nanoparticles. The process leads to nanoparticles electrostatically adsorbed not only onto the exterior of the surface but also inside the pores of the membrane. The thickness and depth of the coatings can be fine-tuned by controlling the ζ-potential of the nanoparticles. The membranes show improved wetting to common battery electrolytes such as propylene carbonate. Cells based on the nanoparticle-coated membranes are operable even in a simple mixture of EC/PC. In contrast, an identical cell based on the pristine, untreated membrane fails to be charged even after addition of a surfactant to improve electrolyte wetting. When evaluated in a Li-ion cell using an EC/PC/DEC/VC electrolyte mixture, the nanoparticle-coated separator retains 92% of its charge capacity after 100 cycles compared to 80 and 77% for the plasma only treated and pristine membrane, respectively.     

Waste Biogas Residue from Cassava Dregs as Carbon Source to Produce Galactomyces sp. Cczu11-1 Cellulase and its Enzymatic Saccharification

In the conversion of cassava starch dregs to biogas by anaerobic fermentation, the biogas residue (BR) containing lignocellulosic materials still remained in the environment. In order to effectively utilize BR, the complexed 1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate ([Mmim]DMP) media were used for pretreating cellulosic materials. After the optimization of pretreatment, the IL [Mmim]DMP-HCl-water (78.5:1.5:20, w/w/w) pretreament media were used for pretreating BR at 130 °C for 30 min. Furthermore, BR pretreated could be effectively saccharified by cellulase of Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1. Moreover, BR could be used as a cheap carbon source for the production of Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 cellulase. After the culture optimization, the optimal culture conditions were obtained as follows: BR 5 g/L, (NH₄)₂SO₄ 5 g/L, K₂HPO₄ 2 g/L, MgSO₄ 0.2 g/L, NaCl 1 g/L, PEG6000 4 g/L, pH 5.5, and culture temperature 30 °C. After the fermentation for 6 days, the FPA and CMCase were 26.2 and 52.8 U/mL, respectively. In conclusion, waste BR could be chosen as a promising feedstock for biofuels.     

Complex Polypropionates from a South China Sea Photosynthetic Mollusk: Isolation and Biomimetic Synthesis Highlighting Novel Rearrangements

Placobranchus ocellatus is well known to produce diverse and complex γ‐pyrone polypropionates. In this study, the chemical investigation of P. ocellatus from the South China Sea led to the discovery and identification of ocellatusones A–D, a series of racemic non‐γ‐pyrone polyketides with novel skeletons, characterized by a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane ( 1 , 2 ), a bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ( 3 ) or a mesitylene‐substituted dimethylfuran‐3(2H)‐one core ( 4 ). Extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical computation, chemical synthesis, and/or X‐ray diffraction analysis were used to determine the structure and absolute configuration of the new compounds, including each enantiomer of racemic compounds 1 – 4 after chiral HPLC resolution. An array of new and diversity‐generating rearrangements is proposed to explain the biosynthesis of these unusual compounds based on careful structural analysis and comparison with six known co‐occurring γ‐pyrones ( 5 – 10 ). Furthermore, the successful biomimetic semisynthesis of ocellatusone A ( 1 ) confirmed the proposed rearrangement through an unprecedented acid induced cascade reaction.     

高师化学微格教学二级指导模式的构建与实施

依据实践共同体和情境学习理论,构建了由研究生辅助指导的高师化学微格教学二级指导模式,并提出了相应的教学策略。研究生担任微格训练组组长,在导师指导下具体负责本科生平时的备课和教学训练。实践研究结果表明,该模式解决了普遍存在的微格训练课时少、师资不足、资源不足等问题,提高了本科生的教学设计能力和课堂教学技能。     

Sequence-Dependent DNA Functionalization of Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Programmable Assemblies

DNA-modified lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (DNA-UCNPs) that combine the functions of DNA and the optical features of UCNPs have shown great promise in a wide range of fields. However, challenges remain in precisely tethering and orienting the DNA strands on the UCNP surface. Herein, we systematically investigate the sequence dependence of DNAs in their interactions with UCNPs, and reveal that poly-cytosine (poly-C) has high affinity for the UCNP surface. A general approach to synthesize monodispersed DNA-UCNP conjugates is developed using poly-C-containing diblock DNA strands. The poly-C segment of the DNA strand binds to the surfaces of UCNPs and the second segment is oriented perpendicularly on the UCNP surface, making the DNA-UCNPs highly stable and monodispersed in aqueous solution. The dense layer of DNA on the UCNP surface enables the programmable assembly of UCNPs with other DNA-functionalized nanoparticles or DNA origamis through hybridization, resulting in the formation of well-organized complex structures.     

Effects of flame‐retardant ramie fiber on enhancing performance of the rigid polyurethane foams

Ramie fiber (RF) with excellent tensile strength was treated by a flame retardant and obtained the modified RF (MRF) that is incombustible. Then, MRF was used to improve the performance of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF). The mechanical properties of the composite were investigated by compressive strength test and shear stress test. The fire characteristics were studied using a cone calorimeter. And the thermal decomposition and flammable properties were further evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis and limiting oxygen index. The results showed that MRF improve the mechanical properties of RPUF and eliminate the harm of flammability of RF on the RPUF.     

全权、常驻公使与钦差—津约谈判前后的中英职衔对等与邦交平等翻译问题

1858年《天津条约》谈判前后,全权问题和钦差驻京成为中英交涉的核心问题,一度成为谈判延宕的症结所在。英方将全权代表额尔金的职衔Plenipotentiary译作“钦差全权大臣”,同时将Resident Minister译作“钦差”,均引发清廷上下极大抵触。18世纪末19世纪初,英方只能妥协接受马戛尔尼和阿美士德的职衔被译作“贡使”;情势翻转后,先是璞鼎查的职衔在第一次鸦片战争时期译为“钦奉全权大臣”,到第二次鸦片战争时期,额尔金的职衔则更进一步译成“钦差全权大臣”。汉译“钦差全权大臣”使得Plenipotentiary的含义生发了显著变化−经过英方在翻译上的操纵,指向了英文的Plenipotentiary + Imperial Commissioner的叠合。英方如此翻译,表面上看是为争取或表明英中两国谈判代表地位上的对等或平行,反映出英方自马戛尔尼访华始追求邦交平等或均势的意图,实际上却创制了新的身份不对等关系,折射出中英实力此消彼长的现实。历时地看,英方追求词语对等努力虽先后遭到乾隆帝和咸丰帝的抵制,但其成果最终经过不平等条约确定与固化下来,使得刚刚开启的中英外交关系陷入了新的不平等境地。中国在由英国人主导的条约外交体系中,陷入了与英国新不平等地位的尴尬境地。     

层状复合氧化物La4BaCu5-xMxO13+λ的制备、表征及对CO还原NO的活性

 采用柠檬酸爆炸法合成了系列层状钙钛矿型复合氧化物La4BaCu5-xMxO13+λ(M=Mn, Co; x=0~5)催化剂. 用TPD, TPR和化学分析法对催化剂进行了表征,考察了催化剂在CO还原NO中的催化活性.结果表明,掺杂Mn, Co后催化剂中的活性氧含量及氧化还原性质发生了变化. 掺杂少量Mn, Co可使催化剂在CO还原NO中的催化活性明显提高,且掺杂Co的样品比掺杂Mn的样品活性提高更明显.这是由于Cu-Mn与Cu-Co之间的协同作用不同导致的结果.     

新的氨基酸受体的合成和分子识别性质研究

从双氨基甲基手性双环胍出发,经三步反应合成了由稳定的共价键桥联双环胍、氮杂冠醚和萘环的氨基酸受体1.液-液竞争萃取和^1HNMR实验表明受体对氨基酸两性离子具有较好的侧链选择性和对映选择性,能够选择性地将L-芳香族氨基酸从水相转移到二氯甲烷有机相。