Nucleate and transition boiling heat transfer under pool and external flow conditions

In this paper an overview of the boiling process, including recent advances made toward a mechanistic understanding of nucleate and transition boiling, is presented. Out of necessity, the review does not include boiling on enhanced surfaces or boiling of mixtures. Discussion of film boiling is also not included, as it is the subject of another review article. Only pool and external flow boiling of ordinary liquids are discussed. A few comments are made with respect to the theoretical and experimental studies that should be made in the future to further our understanding of the boiling process.     

Boiling in a porous bed

Experimental observations of the heat generation rate at which a porous bed dries out have been made for bed particle sizes ranging from 245 to 4,783 microns in beds up to 40 cm deep with different coolants. The governing mechanisms are identified and used to develop models of the observed phenomena.     

An improved method for obtaining the general-displacement field from a holographic interferogram

A simple and reliable technique is proposed for predicting the cartesian components of a general-displacement field from the usual double-exposure holographic fringes. An overdetermined set of simultaneous equations is developed at each point of interest and a least-squares solution provides the three displacement components. The reliability of this technique was tested by varying the degree of overdeterminacy of the set of equations. The three-dimensional displacement field of a beam under pure bending was determined holographically and compared with that from a closed-form theoretical solution. Finally, a highly skewed marine-propeller-blade model under uniform air pressure was analyzed holographically and the results were correlated with those from a finite-element analysis.     

A Ni2+ selective chemosensor based on partial cone conformation of calix[4]arene

Synthetic strategies are described to synthesize the calix[4]arene diamine 4 of partial cone (paco) conformation, which on condensation with 9-anthracene carbaldehyde forms the chemosensor 5 in paco conformation. The chemosensor 5 undergoes fluorescence enhancement in the presence of Ni(2+) ions.     

Switching and fluorescence signal amplification with metal ions in allosteric systems based on 1, 3-alternate thiacalix[4]crown

New thiacalix[4]crown derivatives 4 and 5 of 1,3-alternate conformation possessing anthracene and quinoline moieties respectively were synthesised and examined for their cation recognition abilities toward different cations by fluorescence spectroscopy. Selective optical recognition with fluorescence amplification was observed for Fe(3+)/K(+) and Hg(2+)/K(+) in chemosensors 4 and 5 respectively. Further it was observed that the formation of 4·Fe(3+) complex triggers the decomplexation of K(+) ion. Similar allosteric behaviour between Hg(2+) and K(+) was observed in chemosensor 5.     

Working group report: Heavy-ion physics and quark-gluon plasma

This is the report of Heavy Ion Physics and Quark-Gluon Plasma at WHEPP-09 which was part of Working Group-4. Discussion and work on some aspects of quark-gluon plasma believed to have created in heavy-ion collisions and in early Universe are reported.     

New approaches to the microscopic imaging of Trypanosoma brucei.

Protozoan parasites are fearsome pathogens responsible for a substantial proportion of human mortality, morbidity, and economic hardship. The principal disease agents are members of the orders Apicomplexa (Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Eimeria) and Kinetoplastida (Trypanosomes, Leishmania). The majority of humans are at risk from infection from one or more of these organisms, with profound effects on the economy, social structure and quality of life in endemic areas; Plasmodium itself accounts for over one million deaths per annum, and an estimated 4 x 10(7) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), whereas the Kinetoplastida are responsible for over 100,000 deaths per annum and 4 x 10(6) DALYs. Current control strategies are failing due to drug resistance and inadequate implementation of existing public health strategies. Trypanosoma brucei, the African Trypanosome, has emerged as a favored model system for the study of basic cell biology in Kinetoplastida, because of several recent technical advances (transfection, inducible expression systems, and RNA interference), and these advantages, together with genome sequencing efforts are widely anticipated to provide new strategies of therapeutic intervention. Here we describe a suite of methods that have been developed for the microscopic analysis of T. brucei at the light and ultrastructural levels, an essential component of analysis of gene function and hence identification of therapeutic targets.     

Using OR for diagnosis and facilitation in change programmes: a university application

In this paper, a methodology for the ongoing diagnosis and facilitation (when required) of organizational change management programmes in an Australian University is described. The application of this methodology on an annual basis requires the assessment of research attitudes and behaviour, areas that have assumed considerable importance within universities around the world in the last decade. This increasing importance associated with research stems in part (a significant part) from the linkage of research quantum (output) of universities to their funding from government. The methodology developed in this paper embraces a wide range of OR-type techniques as well as a range of change management tools from human resources management. These two sets of techniques and tools work together as tools in their own right as well as providing the infrastructure to achieve the objectives. The developed methodology is an interesting blend of hard techniques and ‘soft’ approaches implemented through a soft heuristic, indeed this application is an example of mixed-mode modelling. The OR techniques (conventional in both their nature and application) are comprised of social judgement theory (for bench-marking research attitudes) and integer linear programming (for setting research targets). The results of the application of the developed methodology are discussed in terms of the effect on research quantum over a 5-year period. A similar methodology could be developed for a change process covering aspects of an organization other than research output in a number of countries.     

Cathodic materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells based on praseodymium nickelates-cobaltites

A unique combination of methods (TPD of O₂, thermogravimetry, isotopic heteroexchange of oxygen in different modes) was used to carry out detailed studies of oxygen mobility and reactivity in mixed praseodymium nickelates-cobaltites (PrNi_{1 ? x} Co _x O_{3 + δ}) and their composites with doped cerium dioxide (Ce_0.9Y_0.1O_{2 ? δ}) as promising cathodic materials stable towards the effect of CO₂ in the intermediate-temperature region. It is shown that in the case of composites of PrNi_{1 ? x} Co _x O_3+δ-Ce_0.9Y_0.1O_{2 ? δ} synthesized using the Pechini method and ultrasonic treatment, stabilization of the disordered cubic perovskite phase due to redistribution of cations between the phases provides high oxygen mobility. Preliminary results on tests of cathodic materials of this type supported on planar NiO/YSZ anodes (H.C. Starck) with a thin layer of YSZ electrolyte and a buffer Ce_0.9Y_0.1O_{2 ? δ} layer showed that power density of up to 0.4 W/cm² was reached in the region of medium (600–700°C) temperatures, which was close to typical values for fuel cells of this type with cathodes based on strontium-doped perovskites and their composites with electrolytes.