A comparison between the robust risk-aware and risk-seeking managers in R&D portfolio management

In this paper, we analyze two mathematical modeling frameworks that reflect different managerial attitudes toward upside risk in the context of R&D portfolio selection. The manager seeks to allocate a development budget between low-risk, low-reward projects, called incremental projects, and high-risk, high-reward projects, called innovational projects. Because of their highly uncertain nature and significant probability of failure, the expected value of the innovational projects is smaller than that of their incremental projects’ counterpart, but the long-term financial health of a company necessitates to take risk in order to maintain growth. We study the differences in strategy and portfolio’s risk profile that arise between a risk-aware manager, who takes upside risk because he has to for the long-term competitive advantage of his company, and a risk-seeking manager, who will take as big a bet as allowed by the model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to consider upside risk management using a robust-optimization-like methodology.     

Unravelling the Role of the Pentafluoroorthotellurate Group as a Ligand in Nickel Chemistry

The pentafluoroorthotellurate group (teflate, OTeF₅) is able to form species, for which only the fluoride analogues are known. Despite nickel fluorides being widely investigated, nickel teflates have remained elusive for decades. By reaction of [NiCl₄]²⁻ and neat ClOTeF₅, we have synthesized the homoleptic [Ni(OTeF₅)₄]²⁻ anion, which presents a distorted tetrahedral structure, unlike the polymeric [NiF₄]²⁻. This high-spin complex has allowed the study of the electronic properties of the teflate group, which can be classified as a weak/medium-field ligand, and therefore behaves as the fluoride analogue also in ligand-field terms. The teflate ligands in [NEt₄]₂[Ni(OTeF₅)₄] are easily substituted, as shown by the formation of [Ni(NCMe)₆][OTeF₅]₂ by dissolving it in acetonitrile. Nevertheless, careful reactions with other conventional ligands have enabled the crystallization of nickel teflate complexes with different coordination geometries, i.e. [NEt₄]₂[trans-Ni(OEt₂)₂(OTeF₅)₄] or [NEt₄][Ni(bpyMe₂)(OTeF₅)₃].     

{μ‐PbSe}: A Heavy CO Homologue as an Unexpected Ligand

Reactions of [K(18‐crown‐6)]₂[Pb₂Se₃] and [K([2.2.2]crypt)]₂[Pb₂Se₃] with [Rh(PPh₃)₃Cl] in en (ethane‐1,2‐diamine) afforded ionic compounds with [Rh₃(PPh₃)₆(μ₃‐Se)₂]^? and [Rh₃(CN)₂(PPh₃)₄(μ₃‐Se)₂(μ‐PbSe)]^3? anions, respectively. The latter contains a PbSe ligand, a rather uncommon homologue of CO that acts as a μ‐bridge between two Rh atoms. Quantum chemical calculations yield a significantly higher bond energy for PbSe than for CO, since the size of the ligand orbitals better matches the comparably rigid Rh‐Se‐Rh angles and the resulting Rh???Rh distance. To rationalize the bent coordination of the ligand, orbitals with significant ligand contributions and their dependence on the bonding angle were investigated in detail.     

How different are diastereomorphous orientations of enantiomers in the liquid crystalline phases of PBLG and PBDG: a case study

The orientational properties of the two enantiomers of an example compound, namely isopinocampheol [(+)‐ and (?)‐IPC] in the two enantiomers of a liquid crystalline phase, namely Poly‐γ‐benzyl‐L/D‐glutamate (PBLG/PBDG) with the organic cosolvent CDCl₃, were investigated. The interactions can be either enantiomorphous, leading to equal orientations and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), or diastereomorphous, leading to different orientations and RDCs. The difference between the two diastereomorphous orientations was determined to be rather small (5° in the Euler angle β). Furthermore, we investigated whether one of the two diastereomorphous interactions is favored. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mesityl‐phenolato‐vanadium(III)‐Komplexe: Synthese,Struktur und Verhalten

Mesityl‐vanadium(III)‐phenolate Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity Protolysis reactions of [VMes₃(THF)] with ortho‐substituted phenols (2‐iso‐propyl‐(H–IPP), 2‐tert‐butyl(H–TBP), 2,4,6‐trimethylphenol (HOMes) and 2,2′biphenol (H₂–Biphen) yield the partially and fully phenolate substituted complexes [VMes(OAr)₂(THF)₂] (OAr = IPP ( 1 ), TBP ( 2 )), [VMes₂(OMes)(THF)] ( 4 ), [V(OAr)₃(THF)₂] (OAr = TBP ( 3 ), OMes ( 5 )), and [V₂(Biphen)₃(THF)₄] ( 6 ). Treatment of 6 with Li₂Biphen(Et₂O)₄ results in formation of [{Li(OEt₂)}₃V(Biphen)₃] ( 7 ) and with MesLi complexes [{Li(THF)₂}₂VMes(Biphen)₂] · THF ( 8 ) and [{Li(DME)}VMes₂(Biphen)] ( 9 ) are formed. Reacting [VCl₃(THF)₃] with LiOMes in 1 : 1 to 1 : 4 ratios yields the componds [VCl_3–n(OMes)_n(THF)₂] (n = 1 ( 5 b ), 2 ( 5 a ), 3 ( 5 )) and [{Li(DME)₂}V(OMes)₄] ( 5 c ), the latter showing thermochromism due to a complexation/decomplexation equilibrium of the solvated cation. The mixed ligand mesityl phenolate complexes [{Li(DME)_n}{VMes₂(OAr)₂}] (OAr = IPP ( 10 ), TBP ( 11 ), OMes ( 12 ) (n = 2 or 3) and [{Li(DME)₂}{VMes(OMes)₃}] ( 15 ) are obtained by reaction of 1 , 2 , 5 a and 5 with MesLi. With [{Li(DME)₂(THF)}{VMes₃(IPP)}] ( 13 ) a ligand exchange product of 10 was isolated. Addition of LiOMes to [VMes₃(THF)] forming [Li(THF)₄][VMes₃(OMes)] ( 14 ) completes the series of [Li(solv.)_x][VMes_4–n(OMes)_n] (n = 1 to 4) complexes which have been oxidised to their corresponding neutral [VMes_4–n(OMes)_n] derivatives 16 to 19 by reaction with p‐chloranile. They were investigated by epr spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 a , 5 a – Br , 7 , 10 and 13 have been determined by X‐ray analysis. In 1 (monoclinic, C2/c, a = 29.566(3) Å, b = 14.562(2) Å, c = 15.313(1) Å, β = 100.21(1)°, Z = 8), 3 (orthorhombic, Pbcn, a = 28.119(5) Å, b = 14.549(3) Å, c = 17.784(4) Å, β = 90.00°, Z = 8), ( 5 ) (triclinic, P1, a = 8.868(1) Å, b = 14.520(3) Å, c = 14.664(3) Å, α = 111.44(1)°, β = 96.33(1)°, γ = 102.86(1)°, Z = 2), 5 a (monoclinic, P2₁/c, a = 20.451(2) Å, b = 8.198(1) Å, c = 15.790(2) Å, β = 103.38(1)°, Z = 4) and 5 a – Br (monoclinic, P2₁/c, a = 21.264(3) Å, b = 8.242(4) Å, c = 15.950(2) Å, β = 109.14(1)°, Z = 4) the vanadium atoms are coordinated trigonal bipyramidal with the THF molecules in the axial positions. The central atom in 7 (trigonal, P3c1, a = 20.500(3) Å, b = 20.500(3) Å, c = 18.658(4) Å, Z = 6) has an octahedral environment. The three Li(OEt₂)⁺ fragments are bound bridging the biphenolate ligands. The structures of 10 (monoclinic, P2₁/c, a = 16.894(3) Å, b = 12.181(2) Å, c = 25.180(3) Å, β = 91.52(1)°, Z = 4) and 13 (orthorhombic, Pna2₁, a = 16.152(4) Å, b = 17.293(6) Å, c = 16.530(7) Å, Z = 4) are characterised by separated ions with tetrahedrally coordinated vanadate(III) anions and the lithium cations being the centres of octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal solvent environments, respectively.     

Über Caesiumtrichloromercurat(II) CsHgCl3: Lösung einer komplexen Überstruktur und Verhalten unter hohen Drücken

About Cesium Trichloromercurate(II) CsHgCl₃: Solution of a Complex Superstructure and Behaviour under High Pressure By solving the crystal structure of CsHgCl₃ a new uncommon distortion variant of the cubic perovskite type with extremely (2 + 2 + 2)‐distorted HgCl₆ octahedra has been found. The trigonal superstructure with space group P3₂ and ninefold cell contents differs from the aristotype only so far, as 2/3 of the Cl‐atoms are moved away from their ideal positions leading to 3 pairs of different Hg–Cl distances with about 2.35 Å, 2.71 Å and 3.15 Å. The cations Cs⁺ and Hg²⁺ and the chloride ions with medium Hg–Cl distance keep the ideal positions of a cubic perovskite lattice. Due to the evenly distribution of the three different bonds in the three directions of cubic space the cell shows an almost perfect cubic metric. Raman spectra and powder diffraction experiments up to pressures of 5 GPa demonstrated that the ideal perovskite arrangement is stabilized with increasing pressure. The shift of the FT‐Raman bands show in agreement with spectra simulations that the Hg–Cl bonds are equalized, leading to a regular octahedral co‐ordination of the Hg atoms. The disappearance of the Raman spectrum at P > 3.4 GPa indicates that the high pressure phase forms an ideal cubic perovskite (a = 5.204(1) Å, Hg–Cl = 2.60 Å).     

Über Eisentribromid: Untersuchungen von Gleichgewichten,Kristallstruktur und spektroskopische Charakterisierung

About Irontribromide: Equilibrium Studies, Crystal Structure, and Spectroscopic Characterization Iron(III) bromide has been thoroughly characterized by thermal, x‐ray, and spectroscopic investigations on crystalline FeBr₃ samples which were grown by CVD at higher bromine pressures. The thermodynamical data for equilibria between FeBr₂, FeBr₃ and Br₂ obtained by pressure measurements are in agreement with chemical vapor transport experiments and confirm the statements of the literature to a high extent. Refinement of the crystal structure with single crystal data (a = 6.937(1) Å; c = 18.375(4) Å Z = 6) confirms the assignment to the rhombohedral BiI₃ type (Spgr. R‐3). On this base, the UV‐VIS, FTIR and Raman spectra were interpreted. The totally symmetric stretching mode of FeBr₃ (173 cm^–1) in comparision to FeCl₃ (282 cm^–1) was found lower as to be expected by consideration of the mass influence alone. Impedance measurements on pure samples under ambient conditions showed low electronic conductivity (10^–8 Ω^–1 cm^–1) but high capacitive contributions, resulting from displacement polarisation. The investigations gave no hints for neither a mixed valent “Fe₃Br₈” nor a substantial phase width of the solid compounds FeBr₂ and FeBr₃.     

Darstellung,Eigenschaften und Molekülstrukturen von Alkylaluminiumaminoalkoxidchloriden

Synthesis, Properties, and Molecular Structures of Alkylaluminium Aminoalkoxide Chlorides Alkylaluminium aminoalkoxide chlorides [R(Cl)AlOR*] 1 – 3 have been obtained from the reaction of dialkyl aluminium chlorides R₂AlCl with the respective aminoalkohol HOR* ( 1 : R = Et, OR* = dimethylamino‐1‐propanol; 2 : R = Me, OR* = (+);(–)‐dimethylamino‐2‐propanol; 3 : R = Me, OR* = (S)‐N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinyl‐methanol). The reaction between dimethylaluminium chloride and (S)‐α, α‐diphenyl‐2‐pyrrolidinyl‐methanol (OR* = Dpm) yielded, by contrast, the ionic {[MeAl(OR*)₂AlMe₂]⁺ [MeAlCl₃]^–} complex ( 4 ). 1 – 4 have been characterised by ¹H, ¹³C and ²⁷Al‐NMR spectroscopy. Crystal structures of 1 and of the 1 : 1 solvate of 4 with Et₂O have been determined by X‐ray methods and the absolute structure of 4 was confirmed by refinement of the Flack‐parameter. The dimeric molecules of 1 are composed of two chelating rings linked via an almost planar Al₂O₂ unit and pentacoordination is observed about aluminium. In contrast, each of the two crystallographically independent cation molecules of 4 contains one four‐ and and one five‐coordinate metal centre.