Fractional Flow Theory Applicable to Non-Newtonian Behavior in EOR Processes

The method of characteristics, or fractional-flow theory, is extremely useful in understanding complex Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes and in calibrating simulators. One limitation has been its restriction to Newtonian rheology except in rectilinear flow. Its inability to deal with non-Newtonian rheology in polymer and foam EOR has been a serious limitation. We extend fractional flow methods for two-phase flow to non-Newtonian fluids in one-dimensional cylindrical flow, where rheology changes with distance from injection well. The fractional flow curve is then a function of position and we analyze the characteristic equations for two applications—polymer and foam floods. For polymer flooding, we present a semi-analytical solution for the changing fractional flow curve where characteristics and shocks collide. The semi-analytical solution is shown to give good agreement with the finite-difference simulation thus helping us understand the development and resolution of shocks. We discuss two separate cases of foam injection with or without preflush. We observe that the fractional flow solutions are more accurate than finite-difference simulations on a comparable grid and hence the method can be used to calibrate simulators. For SAG (alternating-slug) foam injection, characteristics and shocks collide, making the fractional-flow solution complex. Nonetheless, one can solve exactly for changing mobility near the well, to greater accuracy than with conventional simulation. The fractional-flow method extended to non-Newtonian flow can be useful both for its insights for scale-up of laboratory experiments and to calibrate computer simulators involving non-Newtonian EOR. It can also be an input to streamline simulations.     

Monofluorinated aziridines in asymmetric synthesis of chiral fluorinated prop-2-yn-1-amines

Nonracemic C-fluoroaziridines were synthesized for the first time by reaction of fluorocarbene with N-diphenylmethylidene-substituted natural amino acid esters. The products were shown to be used in asymmetric synthesis of chiral fluorinated prop-2-yn-1-amines via one-pot process involving isomerization of 2-fluoroaziridines into α-fluoro imines and subsequent reaction with alkynyldifluoroborane generated in situ.     

Multiwall Carbon Nanotube‐Ionic Liquid Modified Paste Electrode as an Efficient Sensor for the Determination of Diazepam and Oxazepam in Real Samples

A carbon‐based electrode using multiwall carbon nanotube as a modifier and room temperature ionic liquid as a binder has been applied for the determination of diazepam (DZP) and oxazepam (OZP) in real samples including serum, urine and tablets. Square wave voltammetry as an appropriate electrochemical technique was applied to achieve improved limits of detection and higher sensitivities. The electrochemical studies were investigated under various experimental conditions such as pH, buffer concentration, ionic strength, deposition potential, deposition time and scan rate to achieve higher sensitivities. Linear concentration ranges for DZP and OZP were 0.02–0.76 mg L^?1 and 0.05–1.90 mg L^?1 with the detection limits of 4.1 µg L^?1 and 5.8 µg L^?1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of commercially available tablets as well as serum and urine samples and satisfactory results were obtained.     

Unexpected reaction of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone with aldehydes: new synthesis of naphtho[2,1-d]oxazole compounds

Treatment of 3-substituted 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones 3 with an aldehyde in a solution of hydrobromic acid in acetic acid led to 2,4-disubstituted naphtho[2,1-d]oxazol-5-ols. The outcome of this simple conversion is even more remarkable in view of the very similar reactions reported in literature, which all give rise to completely different products. Furthermore, the acquired naphthoxazoles 5-11 could be oxidatively ring opened by means of PIFA or CAN into a series of N-acylated 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones. A synthetic pathway towards 2-substituted naphtho[2,3-d]oxazole-4,9-diones was also disclosed as the outcome of CAN mediated oxidation of a 4-chloronaphtho[2,1-d]oxazol-5-ol.     

Hybrid Interface Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose/N-Doped Porous Reduced Graphene Oxide for On-Demand Electrochemical Release of Imatinib

Russian Journal of Electrochemistry - The modern drug delivery research strives to utilize novel materials and fabrication technologies for the preparation of robust drug delivery systems to combat...     

A multiplicity result for the jumping nonlinearity problem

We consider a class of nonlinear problems of the form Au+g(x,u)=f, where A is an unbounded self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space H of L2(Ω)-functions, an arbitrary domain, and is a “jumping nonlinearity” in the sense that the limits , exist and “jump” over the principal eigenvalue of the operator −A. Under rather general conditions on the operator L and for suitable a<b, we prove some multiplicity results. Applications are given to the wave equation, and elliptic equations in the whole space .     

Nitration of Aromatic Compounds Catalyzed by Divanadium-Substituted Molybdophosphoric Acid, H5[PMo10V2O40]

The nitration of aromatic compounds was carried out in the presence of divanadium-substituted molybdophosphoric acid, H₅PMo₁₀V₂O₄₀, as catalyst and a mixture of nitric acid and acetic anhydride as nitrating agent. In the presence of this heteropolyacid the ortho- and para-nitro compounds were obtained in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.     

Positive Effect of Flow Velocity on Gas–Condensate Relative Permeability: Network Modelling and Comparison with Experimental Results

Positive velocity dependency of relative permeability of gas–condensate systems, which has been observed in many different core experiments, is now well acknowledged. The above behaviour, which is due to two-phase flow coupling in condensing systems at low interfacial tension (IFT) conditions, was simulated using a 3D pore network model. The steady-dynamic bond network model developed for this purpose was also equipped with a novel anchoring technique, which was based on the equivalent hydraulic length concept adopted from fluid flow through pipes. The available rock data on the co-ordination number, capillary pressure, absolute permeability, porosity and one set of measured relative permeability curves were utilised to anchor the capillary, volumetric and flow characteristics of the constructed network model to those properties of the real core sample. Then the model was used to predict the effective permeability values at other IFT and velocity levels. There is a reasonable quantitative agreement between the predicted and measured relative permeability values affected by the coupling rate effect.