Oxydative Kupplung von Indolinen und 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrochinolinen mit Kaliumpermanganat. 153. Mitteilung über Alkaloide

It is shown that treatment of indolines like 4a-methyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydrocarbazole ( 1 ) and even indoline-alkaloids like 5 or 6 (cf. scheme 1) with KMnO₄ in boiling acetone solution leads to the indolenines 10, 29 and 33 , respectively, and, in relatively high yields, to N,N′- or C,N-coupling products (cf. schemes 2 and 5). The results of the oxidation of 6- or 8-methoxy-indolines are shown in schemes 3 and 4, respectively. Analogous ‘dimeric’ dehydrogenation products are observed when tetrahydroquinolines ( 8 and 9 , resp.) are treated with KMnO₄ (cf. schemes 7 and 8, resp.). The formation of the bis-compounds is almost certainly due to the coupling of two intermediate indolenyl or tetrahydroquinolyl radicals. The cleavage of the hydrazine derivatives 11 or 17 (scheme 9) also leads to ‘dimeric’ C,N-coupling products. By heating the hydrazine derivative 17 with aqueous HCl, a complete cleavage into indoline 2 and the indolenines 16 and 20 is observed. The reaction is rationalized in scheme 10. So far no naturally occurring alkaloids related to the above mentioned C,N-coupling products have been found.     

The Effect of Solute Concentration on Equilibrium Partitioning in Polymeric Gels

The effect of solute concentration on the equilibrium partitioning of sphere-like, colloidal solutes in stiff polymer hydrogels is examined theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical development is a statistical mechanics approach, and allows quantitative calculations to be performed to determine the concentration-dependent partition coefficient correct to first order in solute concentration at specific surface charge densities. The theory predicts that repulsive steric and/or electrostatic solute-fiber interactions exclude solute from the gel phase, but that repulsive solute-solute interactions cause partitioning into the gel to increase with increasing solute concentration. These trends are enhanced for larger solutes, increased fiber volume fractions, or stronger electrostatic repulsion. Partition coefficients have also been measured for two proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and alpha-lactalbumin (ALA), in a system consisting of a salt solution and cubes of agarose hydrogel. To investigate the effect of electrostatic interactions, the experiments were performed at 0.15 M KCl and 0.01 M KCl. The theory underpredicts the strong electrostatic repulsion between BSA macromolecules at the lower ionic strength. The experimental results for ALA show the influence of an attractive interaction between the protein macromolecules, in addition to hard-sphere repulsive and electrostatic interactions. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Pruning of orbits in four-disk and hyperbola billiards

It is shown that for the four-disk system and the hyperbola billiard it is possible to construct a new symbolic plane preserving the orientation existing in the dynamical space. Physical orbits are mapped into the topological well-ordered plane and it is shown that the forbidden and allowed orbits are separated by a monotone pruning front.     

Global optimization of univariate Lipschitz functions: II. New algorithms and computational comparison

We consider the following global optimization problems for a Lipschitz functionf implicitly defined on an interval [a, b]. Problem P: find a globally-optimal value off and a corresponding point; Problem Q: find a set of disjoint subintervals of [a, b] containing only points with a globally-optimal value and the union of which contains all globally optimal points. A two-phase algorithm is proposed for Problem P. In phase I, this algorithm obtains rapidly a solution which is often globally-optimal. Moreover, a sufficient condition onf for this to be the case is given. In phase II, the algorithm proves the-optimality of the solution obtained in phase I or finds a sequence of points of increasing value containing one with a globally-optimal value. The new algorithm is empirically compared (on twenty problems from the literature) with a best possible algorithm (for which the optimal value is assumed to be known), with a passive algorithm and with the algorithms of Evtushenko, Galperin, Shen and Zhu, Piyavskii, Timonov and Schoen. For small, the new algorithm requires only a few percent more function evaluations than the best possible one. An extended version of Piyavskii's algorithm is proposed for problem Q. A sufficient condition onf is given for the globally optimal points to be in one-to-one correspondance with the obtained intervals. This result is achieved for all twenty test problems.The research of the authors has been supported by AFOSR grants 0271 and 0066 to Rutgers University. Research of the second author has been also supported by NSERC grant GP0036426, FCAR grant 89EQ4144 and partially by AFOSR grant 0066. We thank Nicole Paradis for her help in drawing the figures.     

Determination of radiative lifetimes in neutral nitrogen using short laser pulses from a distributed feedback dye laser

Radiative lifetimes were determined for two short-lived states in neutral nitrogen. Following photo-dissociation and two-photon excitation employing the same UV source, excitation to higher states was performed with a distributed feedback dye laser (DFDL). The lifetimes were found to be τ(2p ²4d ⁴ D _7/2)=17(3) ns and τ(2p ²5s ⁴ P _5/2)=22(3) ns.     

Zur Luminiszenz von Cr(3)-Verbindungen

Whereas 2.4 is likely to be an upper limit for theDq/B-value of Cr(3)-complexes which show fluorescence the existence of a lower bound is rather unlikely. Experimental evidence suggests that the energy difference between the minima of the² E _g- and the⁴ T _2g-potential curves is one of the factors determining the relative intensities of phosphorescence and fluorescence.     

A 2pπ, 3dπ valence bond wave function for the 1B1u state of ethylene

A 2p, 3d valence bond wave function for the lowest ¹ B _1u state of the -system of ethylene is variationally optimized with respect to the atomic orbital exponents using a non-empirical -approximation. The resulting energy compares favourably with previous calculations and leads to a satisfactory value for the lowest ¹ A _1g-¹ B _1u transition energy. The optimized exponent for the 2p orbital is close to the Slater value whereas the exponent for the 3d orbital is found to be nearly hydrogenic. The implications of this result are discussed in some detail.

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Zusammenfassung Für den tiefsten ¹ B _1u -Zustand des -Elektronensystems des Äthylens wird nach der Variations-methode eine 2p, 3d-Valenzbindungs-Wellenfunktion bezüglich der Orbitalkoeffizienten optimiert, wobei eine nicht-empirische -Approximation zugrunde gelegt wird. Die berechnete Energie stimmt gut mit den Ergebnissen vorausgegangener Rechnungen überein. Für den tiefsten ¹ A _1g ¹ B _1u -Übergang ergibt sich ein befriedigender Energiewert. Der optimierte Orbitalkoeffizient für das 2p-Orbital stimmt gut mit dem nach der Slaterschen Regel bestimmten Koeffizient überein, während man für den 3d-Orbitalkoeffizienten einen Wert findet, der dem des Wasserstoffs ähnlich ist.

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Résumé Une founction d'onde V.B.(2p , 3d ) est optimée pour l'état ¹ B _1u d'aethylen. L'energie calculé aussi que l'energie de transition la plus basse ¹ A _1g -¹ B _1u est en bon accord avec des valeurs connues.