Analytical springback model for lightweight hexagonal close-packed sheet metal

Experiments have shown that magnesium alloy sheet a common hexagonal close-packed metal, exhibits mechanical behavior unlike that of sheets made of cubic metals (X.Y. Lou et al., 2007, Int. J. Plasticity, 24, 44). The unique stress–strain response includes a strong asymmetry in the initial yield and subsequent plastic hardening. In other words, the stress–strain curves in tension and compression are significantly different. A proper representation of the constitutive relationships is crucial for the accurate evaluation of springback, which occurs due to the residual moment distribution through the sheet thickness after bending. In this paper, we propose an analytical model for asymmetric elasto-plastic bending under tension followed by elastic unloading in order to evaluate the bending moment, which is equivalent to the springback amount. To simplify the calculations, the experimentally measured stress–strain curve of the magnesium alloy sheet was approximated with discrete linear hardening in each deformation region, and the material properties were characterized according to several simplifying assumptions. The bending moment was calculated analytically using the approximate asymmetric stress–strain relationship up to the prescribed curvature corresponding to the radius of the tool in sheet metal forming operations. A numerical example showed an unusual springback increase, even with an increase in the applied force; this is an unexpected result for conventional symmetric materials. We also compared the calculated springback amounts with the results of physical measurements. This showed that the proposed model predicts the main trends of the springback in magnesium alloy sheets reasonably well considering the simplicity of the analytical approach.     

Araiosamines A-D: tris-bromoindole cyclic guanidine alkaloids from the marine sponge Clathria (Thalysias) araiosa

Four new tris-bromoindole cyclic guanidine alkaloids, araiosamines A-D, were isolated from the methanol extract of a marine sponge, Clathria (Thalysias) araiosa, collected from Vanuatu. Their carbon skeletons delineate a new class of indole alkaloids apparently derived from a linear polymerization process involving a carbon-carbon bond formation. Comparison of the structures including the relative configurations suggests a common intermediate containing a dihydroaminopyrimidine moiety capable of undergoing various modalities of conjugate addition to yield unprecedented ring systems.     

Juxtaposition of Chemical and Mutation-Induced Developmental Defects in Zebrafish Reveal a Copper-Chelating Activity for Kalihinol F

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A plastic constitutive equation incorporating strain,strain-rate,and temperature

An empirical plasticity constitutive form describing the flow stress as a function of strain, strain-rate, and temperature has been developed, fit to data for three dual-phase (DP) steels, and compared with independent experiments outside of the fit domain. Dubbed the “H/V model” (for “Hollomon/Voce”), the function consists of three multiplicative functions describing (a) strain hardening, (b) strain-rate sensitivity, and (c) temperature sensitivity. Neither the multiplicative structure nor the choice of functions (b) or (c) is novel. The strain hardening function, (a), has two novel features: (1) it incorporates a linear combination coefficient, α, that allows representation of Hollomon (power law) behavior (α = 1), Voce (saturation) behavior (α = 0) or any intermediate case (0 < α < 1, and (2) it allows incorporation of the temperature sensitivity of strain hardening rate in a natural way by allowing α to vary with temperature (in the simplest case, linearly). This form therefore allows a natural transition from unbounded strain hardening at low temperatures toward saturation behavior at higher temperatures, consistent with many observations. Hollomon, Voce, H/V models and others selected as representative from the literature were fit for DP590, DP780, and DP980 steels by least-squares using a series of tensile tests up to the uniform strain conducted over a range of temperatures. Jump-rate tests were used to probe strain rate sensitivity. The selected laws were then used with coupled thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) modeling to predict behavior for tests outside the fit range: non-isothermal tensile tests beyond the uniform strain at room temperatures, isothermal tensile tests beyond the uniform strain at several temperatures and hydraulic bulge tests at room temperature. The agreement was best for the H/V model, which captured strain hardening at high strain accurately as well as the variation of strain hardening with temperature. The agreement of FE predictions up to the tensile failure strain illustrates the critical role of deformation-induced heating in high-strength/high ductility alloys, the importance of having a constitutive model that is accurate at large strains, and the implication that damage and void growth are unlikely to be determinant factors in the tensile failure of these alloys. The new constitutive model may have application for a wide range of alloys beyond DP steels, and it may be extended to larger strain rate and temperature ranges using alternate forms of strain rate sensitivity and thermal softening appearing in the literature.     

Macro-performance evaluation of friction stir welded automotive tailor-welded blank sheets: Part II – Formability

Formability of automotive friction stir welded TWB (tailor-welded blank) sheets was experimentally and numerically investigated in this work for four automotive sheets, aluminum alloy 6111-T4, 5083-H18, 5083-O and DP590 steel sheets, each having one or two different thicknesses. In particular, formability in three applications including the simple tension test with various weld line directions, hemisphere dome stretching and cylindrical cup drawing tests was evaluated. For numerical simulations, mechanical properties previously characterized in a joint paper (Chung et al., 2010) were utilized. To represent the mechanical properties, the non-quadratic orthogonal anisotropic yield function, Yld2000-2d, was utilized along with the (full) isotropic hardening law, while the anisotropy of the weld zone was ignored for simplicity.     

Numerical simulation of friction stir butt welding process for AA5083-H18 sheets

Thermo-mechanical simulation of the friction stir butt welding (FSBW) process was performed for AA5083-H18 sheets, utilizing a commercial finite volume method (FVM) code, STAR-CCM+, which is based on the Eulerian formulation. Distributions of temperature and strain rate histories were calculated under the steady state condition and simulated temperature distributions (profiles and peak values) were compared with experiments. It was found that including proper thermal boundary condition for the backing plate (anvil) is critical for accurate simulation results. Based on the simulation, thermal and deformation histories of material elements were also calculated, useful to predict material characteristics of the weld such as hardness or grain size, and possibly for the susceptibility of weld to abnormal grain growth (AGG) after post-weld heat treatment.     

Constitutive modeling for anisotropic/asymmetric hardening behavior of magnesium alloy sheets

Magnesium alloy sheets have been extending their field of applications to automotive and electronic industries taking advantage of their excellent light weight property. In addition to well-known lower formability, magnesium alloys have unique mechanical properties which have not been thoroughly studied: high in-plane anisotropy/asymmetry of yield stress and hardening response. The reason of the unusual mechanical behavior of magnesium alloys has been understood by the limited symmetry crystal structure of HCP metals and thus by deformation twinning. In this paper, the phenomenological continuum plasticity models considering the unusual plastic behavior of magnesium alloy sheet were developed for a finite element analysis. A hardening law based on two-surface model was further extended to consider the general stress–strain response of metal sheets including Bauschinger effect, transient behavior and the unusual asymmetry. Three deformation modes observed during the continuous in-plane tension/compression tests were mathematically formulated with simplified relations between the state of deformation and their histories. In terms of the anisotropy and asymmetry of the initial yield stress, the Drucker–Prager’s pressure dependent yield surface was modified to include the anisotropy of magnesium alloy. The numerical formulations and characterization procedures were also presented and finally the correlation of simulation with measurements was performed to validate the proposed theory.