Honey produced by honeybees is a valuable food product. The presence of xenobiotics in honey may harm its quality and constitute a danger to human health. Antibiotics are commonly applied by beekeepers to eliminate disease among honeybees. Moreover, ubiquitous administration of antibiotics may cause bacteria to become resistant to many drugs and spread antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Appropriate sample preparation and determination of antibiotics at very low concentrations in foodstuffs are real analytical challenges. This article reviews analytical methods used for determination of residues of different sorts of antibiotic in honey and other honeybee products. 相似文献
Hydrogen electrosorption into Pd-rich (>80 at.% Pd in the bulk) Pd–Rh alloys has been studied in acidic solutions (0.5 M H2SO4) using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The influence of temperature (in the range between 283 and 328 K), electrode potential and alloy bulk composition on hydrogen electrosorption properties of Pd–Rh alloys is presented. It has been found that the additive of Rh to Pd–Rh alloys increases the maximum hydrogen solubility (for Rh bulk content below 10 at.%), decreases the potential of absorbed hydrogen oxidation peak and decreases the potential of the α → β phase transition. Increasing temperature decreases the potential of absorbed hydrogen oxidation peak, the maximum hydrogen solubility, and the potential of the α → β phase transition. The amounts of electrosorbed hydrogen for α- and β-phase boundaries, i.e., αmax and βmin, have been determined from the integration of the initial parts of current–time responses in hydrogen absorption and desorption processes. The H/M ratio corresponding to αmax increases with increasing Rh content, while for βmin a maximum of H/M ratio is observed for the alloys containing ca. 95% Rh.
The one dimensional oscillator with a semi-transparent wall is considered. We study the time dependence of the eigentstates
of energy with complex eigenvalues and demonstrate that their time evolution exhibits time asymmetry. We also show that the
unstable quantum oscillator is not invariant under the time reversal. 相似文献
The 1H-NMR spectra of meso-cis- and racemic-transtetralenediols-2,3 are in agreement with the differences in the structures of the isomeric cis- and trans-diols.1相似文献
The microwave-assisted Cannizzaro reaction was studied in order to develop fully reproducible synthetic protocols for transformation of aldehydes to carboxylic acid and alcohols. Optimised were the following process parameters: power, temperature, and time. Aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic aldehydes were used in the studies. It was found that furfural, thiophene-2-carbaldehyde, pyridinecarboxaldehyde and aromatic aldehydes react under mild conditions, while 1-methyl-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde derivatives and aliphatic aldehydes require more drastic reaction conditions and a longer exposure time to microwave radiation. 相似文献
A comprehensive overview on methods applied for syntheses of β-amino-α-trifluoromethyl alcohols, including stereocontrolled variants, is presented. In addition, reported cases of the exploration of β-amino-α-trifluoromethyl alcohols for the preparation of trifluoromethylated peptidomimetics and other biologically active, fluorinated compounds are discussed. Attractive opportunities for their applications as organocatalysts are also presented. 相似文献
Catechin and epicatechin were analysed in the peel of six apple cultivars (three resistant and three non-resistant to apple
scab). Two methods of analytical sample preparation following extraction were tested: solid phase extraction and column separation
with Sephadex LH-20 coupled to a differential refractometric detector. Prior to GC and GC-MS analyses, these compounds were
silylized. This permitted co-injection with standards and the comparison of retention values and mass spectra with those recorded
for standards. The content of catechin and epicatechin in apple peel is discussed in relation to the resistance of apple trees
to scab. 相似文献
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human pathogen, which causes infections of various organs, including lung, skin and eye, particularly in individuals who are immunocompromised. Pyocyanin (1-hydroxy-5-methylphenazine), a cytotoxic pigment secreted by the bacterium, is among the factors that contribute to virulence of this pathogen. We have previously shown that rose bengal and riboflavin photosensitize oxidation of pyocyanin to a product(s) with diminished reactivity and toxicity. Singlet oxygen was suggested as the major oxidant, based on the inhibitory effect of sodium azide. In the present study, we used the time resolved technique to investigate direct interaction of pyocyanin and related phenazines (1-hydroxyphenazine [1-OH-Phen], 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazine [1-MeO-PCN] and phenazine methosulfate [PMS]) with 1O2. The rate constants for the 1O2 quenching (physical + chemical) by pyocyanin and 1-OH-Phen in D2O buffer (pD ∼7.2) have been determined to be 4.8 × 108 and 6.8 × 108 M−1 s−1, respectively. 1-MeO-PCN and PMS were markedly less efficient 1O2 quenchers. Among the phenazines studied only phenazine methosulfate photogenerated 1O2 (Φ(1O2) = 0.56 in acetonitrile). Interaction of 1O2 with pyocyanin and other related phenazines produced by the bacteria may be important in determining the potential utility of photochemical/pharmacological approaches to eradicate P. aeruginosa from infected tissues. 相似文献
A model of diffusive transport of benzoic acid through a liquid membrane (LM) separating two aqueous solutions, based on diffusion
layers and the assumption of a steady state, has been developed and tested using experimental results. It has been found that
a model with the apparent partition coefficient dependent on the concentration is able to describe the time dependence of
acid concentration in LM with and without a maximum on that dependence. The quality of the model fit with the single apparent
diffusion coefficient of benzoic acid is the same as the one which takes into account the diffusion of benzoic acid in different
forms (undissociated and dissociated form in aqueous phase, monomer and dimer in organic phase); however, in the second case,
the model becomes overparameterized. Assuming that the partition and diffusion coefficients are constant, the diffusion layer
model corresponds to the model of reversible consecutive reactions. Analytical solution for such case is given. Apart from
the partition equilibrium, also kinetics of partitioning was considered. It was shown that in some basic situations both cases
yield identical results. 相似文献
Gossypol Schiff base with (R)-(+)-2-amino-3-benzyloxy-1-propanol 1 was synthesised and resolved by HPLC method into diastereomers to study their atropisomerisation process. The spectroscopic analysis performed by one- and two-dimensional NMR, UV–vis and FT-IR methods indicated that the compound exists in solution as an enamine-oxo tautomer. The ECD measurements and TD-DFT calculations allowed us to unambiguously determine the configuration about the axially chiral biaryl moiety of 1. The conditions of the atropisomerisation processes of diastereopure gossypol Schiff bases (SAX,R)-1 and (RAX,R)-1 were determined on the basis of ECD and NMR measurements. Exposure of the diastereomers of 1 to sunlight and to the light at λ = 254 nm significantly accelerated the atropisomerisation when compared to its rate in the dark. 相似文献