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21.
22.
X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the influence of low-energy electron beam on the pristine potassium–lime–silicate glass surface prepared by fracturing in situ under ultrahigh vacuum. Relatively low-energy electron beam of 1600 eV with low-electron beam current density of 0.02–0.22 A/m2 and low-electron dose of 29–5200 C/m2 was used. The expected modified near-surface region thickness is in this case comparable with the mean sampling depth of the analytical tool. Therefore, possible changes and modifications due to electron irradiation could be recorded with high sensitivity. The freshly fractured glass surface was found to be significantly enriched with potassium, and slightly with calcium. As a consequence of the lowest electron dose irradiation used, the potassium signal substantially increased by a factor 1.24 relative to the value found for the fresh surface. For higher doses used, the potassium signal continuously increased with the dose to a maximum and decreased thereafter. This variation was accompanied with the qualitative opposite behaviour of calcium signal. The concentrations of the other elements present in the glass, oxygen and silicon, varied only slightly with the electron dose. They can be considered to be constant within experimental uncertainty. In agreement with experimental results, a model assuming mobility of only two most mobile cations, potassium and calcium, was suggested. The models assuming one layer and two layers on the bulk were developed. Their results reproduce well experimental findings: (i) the formation of a potassium-rich surface layer, and (ii) the opposite-like signal variation of calcium in comparison with potassium.  相似文献   
23.
For the design of a biohybrid structure as a ligand‐tailored drug delivery system (DDS), it is highly sophisticated to fabricate a DDS based on smoothly controllable conjugation steps. This article reports on the synthesis and the characterization of biohybrid conjugates based on noncovalent conjugation between a multivalent biotinylated and PEGylated poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer and a tetrameric streptavidin‐small protein binding scaffold. This protein binding scaffold (SA‐ABDwt) possesses nM affinity toward human serum albumin (HSA). Thus, well‐defined biohybrid structures, finalized by binding of one or two HSA molecules, are available at each conjugation step in a controlled molar ratio. Overall, these biohybrid assemblies can be used for (i) a controlled modification of dendrimers with the HSA molecules to increase their blood‐circulation half‐life and passive accumulation in tumor; (ii) rendering dendrimers a specific affinity to various ligands based on mutated ABD domain, thus replacing tedious dendrimer–antibody covalent coupling and purification procedures.

  相似文献   

24.
We developed a new method for real‐time, three‐dimensional tracking of fluorescent particles. The instrument is based on a laser‐scanning confocal microscope where the focus of the laser beam is scanned or orbited around the particle. Two confocal pinholes are used to simultaneously monitor regions immediately above and below the particle and a feedback loop is used to keep the orbit centered on the particle. For moderate count rates, this system can track particles with 15 nm spatial resolution in the lateral dimensions and 50 nm in the axial dimension at a temporal resolution of 32 ms. To investigate the interaction of the tracked particles with cellular components, we have combined our orbital tracking microscope with a dual‐color, wide‐field setup. Dual‐color fluorescence wide‐field images are recorded simultaneously in the same image plane as the particle being tracked. The functionality of the system was demonstrated by tracking fluorescent‐labeled artificial viruses in tubulin‐eGFP expressing HUH7 cells. The resulting trajectories can be used to investigate the microtubule network with super resolution.  相似文献   
25.
The antibandwidth problem consists of placing the vertices of a graph on a line in consecutive integer points in such a way that the minimum difference of adjacent vertices is maximised. The problem was originally introduced in [J.Y.-T. Leung, O. Vornberger, J.D. Witthoff, On some variants of the bandwidth minimisation problem, SIAM Journal of Computing 13 (1984) 650-667] in connection with the multiprocessor scheduling problems and can also be understood as a dual problem to the well-known bandwidth problem, as a special radiocolouring problem or as a variant of obnoxious facility location problems. The antibandwidth problem is NP-hard, there are a few classes of graphs with polynomial time complexities. Exact results for nontrivial graphs are very rare. Miller and Pritikin [Z. Miller, D. Pritikin, On the separation number of a graph, Networks 19 (1989) 651-666] showed tight bounds for the two-dimensional meshes and hypercubes. We solve the antibandwidth problem precisely for two-dimensional meshes, tori and estimate the antibandwidth value for hypercubes up to the third-order term. The cyclic antibandwidth problem is to embed an n-vertex graph into the cycle Cn, such that the minimum distance (measured in the cycle) of adjacent vertices is maximised. This is a natural extension of the antibandwidth problem or a dual problem to the cyclic bandwidth problem. We start investigating this invariant for typical graphs and prove basic facts and exact results for the same product graphs as for the antibandwidth.  相似文献   
26.
Aerogels are unique materials offering a combination of remarkable properties that make them useful in a wide range of applications. However, aerogel materials can be difficult to work with because they are fragile. The intent of the work presented here was to study the relationship between axial loading and pore structure in aerogel material. Silica aerogel samples with a bulk density of 0.1 g/mL were compressed by uni-axial force loads from 1 to 5 kN which resulted in stress levels up to 23 MPa. The resulting change in the pore distribution was observed using nitrogen desorption analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Uncompressed aerogel samples exhibit peak pore volume at diameters of about 20 nm. As the aerogels are subjected to increased loading, the location of the peak volume moves to smaller diameters with a reduced volume of pores occurring above this diameter. The peak diameter, the average pore diameter and pore volume all decrease and scale with increasing maximum stress while the surface area of the aerogel samples remains unaffected at about 520 m2/g. When combined with data from the literature, the relation between maximum pore diameter and applied stress suggests a failure mechanism dominated by bending induced fracture.  相似文献   
27.
Abstract

Chemists often use an amine group as an intermediate in syntheses of imines, amides and ureas; however, in the case of syntheses of p-aminophenol type compounds, several problems might occur. In this article, we prepared p-aminocalix[5]arene-pentaol by reduction of both nitro and azo derivatives, and compared four methods of the amine preparation, focusing mainly on its gramme scale and time-consuming issues.  相似文献   
28.
A sensitive and accurate method utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (U-HPLC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry based on orbitrap technology (orbitrapMS) for the analysis of nine 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) diesters in vegetable oils was developed. To remove the interfering triacylglycerols that induce strong matrix effects, a clean-up step on silica gel column was used. The quantitative analysis was performed with the use of deuterium-labeled internal standards. The lowest calibration levels estimated for the respective analytes ranged from 2 to 5 μg kg−1. Good recovery values (89–120%) and repeatability (RSD 5–9%) was obtained at spiking levels of 2 and 10 mg kg−1. As an alternative, a novel ambient desorption ionization technique, direct analysis in real time (DART), hyphenated with orbitrapMS, was employed for no separation, high-throughput, semi-quantitative screening of 3-MCPD diesters in samples obtained by chromatographic fractionation. Additionally, the levels of 3-MCPD diesters measured in real-life vegetable oil samples (palm oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil) using both methods are reported. Relatively good agreement of the data generated by U-HPLC-orbitrapMS and DART-orbitrapMS were observed. With regard to a low ionization yield achieved for 3-MCPD monoesters, the methods presented in this paper were not yet applicable for the analysis of these contaminants at the naturally occurring levels.  相似文献   
29.
We assessed the relative merits of two approaches for including polarization effects in classical force fields for the sulfate anion. One of the approaches is the explicit shell model for atomic polarization and the other is an implicit dielectric continuum representation of the electronic polarization, wherein the polarizability density is spatially uniform. Both the solvation and ion association properties of sulfate were considered. We carried out an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation for a single sulfate anion in aqueous solution to obtain a benchmark for the solvation structure. For the ion-pairing properties, the models were compared to experimental thermodynamic data through Kirkwood-Buff theory, which relates the integrals of the pair correlation functions to measurable properties. While deficiencies were found for both of the approaches, the continuum polarization model was not systematically worse than the shell model. The shell model was found to give a more structured solution than the continuum polarization model, both with respect to solvation and ion pairing.  相似文献   
30.
This work evaluates the in vitro inhibitory activity of 70 essential oils (EOs) in the vapor phase for the control of Chalkbrood disease caused by Ascosphaera apis Maassen ex Claussen (Olive et Spiltoir). Two wild strains isolated from infected honey bee colonies together with one standard collection strain were tested by the microatmosphere method. From 70 EOs, 39 exhibited an antifungal effect against A. apis standard and wild strains. The greatest antifungal action was observed for EO vapors from Armoracia rusticana, followed by Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon flexosus, Origanum vulgare and Allium sativum. An investigation of chemical composition by GC-MS revealed, that the most active EOs contained allyl isothiocyanate, citral, carvacrol and diallyl sulfides as the main constituents. The chemical composition plays a key role, as activities of different EOs from the same botanical species were different according to their composition.  相似文献   
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