Precision of Hole-Drilling Residual Stress Depth Profile Measurements and an Updated Uncertainty Estimator

Background

Measurement precision and uncertainty estimation are important factors for all residual stress measurement techniques. The values of these quantities can help to determine whether a particular measurement technique would be viable option.

Objective

This paper determines the precision of hole-drilling residual stress measurement using repeatability studies and develops an updated uncertainty estimator.

Methods

Two repeatability studies were performed on test specimens extracted from aluminum and titanium shot peened plates. Each repeatability study included 12 hole-drilling measurements performed using a bespoke automated milling machine. Repeatability standard deviations were determined for each population. The repeatability studies were replicated using a commercially available manual hole-drilling milling machine (RS-200, Micro-Measurements). An updated uncertainty estimator was developed and was assessed using an acceptance criterion. The acceptance criterion compared an expected percentage of points (68%) to the fraction of points in the stress versus depth profile where the measured stresses ± its total uncertainty contained the mean stress of the repeatability studies.

Results

Both repeatability studies showed larger repeatability standard deviations at the surface that decay quickly (over about 0.3 mm). The repeatability standard deviation was significantly smaller in the aluminum plate (max ≈ 15 MPa, RMS?≈?6.4 MPa) than in the titanium plate (max ≈ 60 MPa, RMS?≈?21.0 MPa). The repeatability standard deviations were significantly larger when using the manual milling machine in the aluminum plate (RMS?≈?21.7 MPa), and for the titanium plate (RMS?≈?18.9 MPa).

Conclusions

The single measurement uncertainty estimate met a defined acceptance criterion based on the confidence interval of the uncertainty estimate.

     

A miniaturized glucocorticoid receptor translocation assay using enzymatic fragment complementation evaluated with qHTS

Nuclear translocation is an important step in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling and assays that measure this process allow the identification of nuclear receptor ligands independent of subsequent functional effects. To facilitate the identification of GR-translocation agonists, an enzyme fragment complementation (EFC) cell-based assay was scaled to a 1536-well plate format to evaluate 9,920 compounds using a quantitative high throughput screening (qHTS) strategy where compounds are assayed at multiple concentrations. In contrast to conventional assays of nuclear translocation the qHTS assay described here was enabled on a standard luminescence microplate reader precluding the requirement for imaging methods. The assay uses beta-galactosidase alpha complementation to indirectly detect GR-translocation in CHO-K1 cells. 1536-well assay miniaturization included the elimination of a media aspiration step, and the optimized assay displayed a Z' of 0.55. qHTS yielded EC(50) values for all 9,920 compounds and allowed us to retrospectively examine the dataset as a single concentration-based screen to estimate the number of false positives and negatives at typical activity thresholds. For example, at a 9 microM screening concentration, the assay showed an accuracy that is comparable to typical cell-based assays as judged by the occurrence of false positives that we determined to be 1.3% or 0.3%, for a 3sigma or 6sigma threshold, respectively. This corresponds to a confirmation rate of approximately 30% or approximately 50%, respectively. The assay was consistent with glucocorticoid pharmacology as scaffolds with close similarity to dexamethasone were identified as active, while, for example, steroids that act as ligands to other nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptor were found to be inactive.     

Evaluating reproducibility and similarity of mass and intensity data in complex spectra—applications to tubulin

We present a data processing approach based on the spectral dot product for evaluating spectral similarity and reproducibility. The method introduces 95% confidence intervals on the spectral dot product to evaluate the strength of spectral correlation; it is the only calculation described to date that accounts for both the non-normal sampling distribution of the dot product and the number of peaks the spectra have in common. These measures of spectral similarity allow for the recursive generation of a consensus spectrum, which incorporates the most consistent features from statistically similar replicate spectra. Taking the spectral dot product and 95% confidence intervals between consensus spectra from different samples yields the similarity between these samples. Applying the data analysis scheme to replicates of brain tubulin CNBr peptides enables a robust comparison of tubulin isotype expression and post-translational modification patterns in rat and cow brains.     

Radial basis function (RBF)‐based parametric models for closed and open curves within the method of regularized stokeslets

The method of regularized Stokeslets (MRS) is a numerical approach using regularized fundamental solutions to compute the flow due to an object in a viscous fluid where inertial effects can be neglected. The elastic object is represented as a Lagrangian structure, exerting point forces on the fluid. The forces on the structure are often determined by a bending or tension model, previously calculated using finite difference approximations. In this paper, we study spherical basis function (SBF), radial basis function (RBF), and Lagrange–Chebyshev parametric models to represent and calculate forces on elastic structures that can be represented by an open curve, motivated by the study of cilia and flagella. The evaluation error for static open curves for the different interpolants, as well as errors for calculating normals and second derivatives using different types of clustered parametric nodes, is given for the case of an open planar curve. We determine that SBF and RBF interpolants built on clustered nodes are competitive with Lagrange–Chebyshev interpolants for modeling twice‐differentiable open planar curves. We propose using SBF and RBF parametric models within the MRS for evaluating and updating the elastic structure. Results for open and closed elastic structures immersed in a 2D fluid are presented, showing the efficacy of the RBF–Stokeslets method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of activation energies from differential thermal analysis curves

An average activation energy ΔE3 of 31.7 ± 10.0 kcal/mole was calculated from exothermic peaks of urea nitrate differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves using the Murray and White equation and various other reaction rate equations developed by the authors. An average enthalpy of activation, ΔH3 of 30.8 ±9.7 kcal/mole was calculated from the same results. The values of ΔE3 and ΔH3 differed by a fraction of a kcal/mole indicating that ΔE3 <ΔH3 cannot be differentiated experimentally in our study. Application of the Kissinger method of calculating ΔE3 and ΔH3 produced respectively 21.6 ±7.9 and 20.7 ±8.0 kcal/mole, which are quite low. The values of ΔE3 and ΔH3 calculated thermogravimetrically were 28.1, ± 1.1 kcal/mole and 27.6 ± 1.2 kcal/mole which are close to those obtained from the Murray and White approach and the authors' approach to treatment of the DTA data. These results illustrate the pronounced effect of self heating on calculation of activation energies. The Kissinger method of calculating the reaction order developed for endothermic DTA peaks produced good results when applied to the present DTA study.     

Self-similarity of a Rayleigh–Taylor mixing layer at low Atwood number with a multimode initial perturbation

High-fidelity large eddy simulation (LES) of a low-Atwood number (A = 0.05) Rayleigh–Taylor mixing layer is performed using the 10th-order compact difference code Miranda. An initial multimode perturbation spectrum is specified in Fourier space as a function of mesh resolution such that a database of results is obtained in which each successive level of increased grid resolution corresponds approximately to one additional doubling of the mixing layer width, or generation. The database is then analysed to determine approximate requirements for self-similarity, and a new metric is proposed to quantify how far a given simulation is from the limit of self-similarity. It is determined that mixing layer growth reaches a high degree of self-similarity after approximately 4.5 generations. Statistical convergence errors and boundary effects at late time, however, make it impossible to draw similar conclusions regarding the self-similar growth of more sensitive turbulence parameters. Finally, self-similar turbulence profiles from the LES database are compared with one-dimensional simulations using the k-L-a and BHR-2 Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models. The k-L-a model, which is calibrated to reproduce a quadratic turbulence kinetic energy profile for a self-similar mixing layer, is found to be in better agreement with the LES than BHR-2 results.     

An expeditious synthesis of the MDM2-p53 inhibitor AM-8553

The development of the structurally complex MDM2/p53 inhibitor AM-8553 was impeded by the low yield of the initial synthesis. A second generation synthesis is described that features a Noyori dynamic kinetic resolution, a highly diastereoselective allylation, and a novel oxazoline-assisted piperidinone forming reaction to provide AM-8553 in 35.6% yield and 11 steps.     

The densities of mixed glass former 0.35 Na2O + 0.65 [xB2O3 + (1 − x)P2O5] glasses related to the atomic fractions and volumes of short range structures

The mixed glass former effect (MGFE) is defined as a non-linear and non-additive change in the ionic conductivity with changing glass former fraction at constant modifier composition between two binary glass forming compositions. In this study, mixed glass former (MGF) sodium borophosphate glasses, 0.35 Na₂O + 0.65 [xB₂O₃ + (1 ? x)P₂O₅], 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, which have been shown to have a strong positive MGFE, have been prepared and their physical properties, density and molar volume, have been examined as predictors of structural change. The density exhibits a strong positive non-linear and non-additive change in the density with x and a corresponding negative non-linear and non-additive change in the molar volume. In order to understand the structural origins of these changes, a model of the molar volume was created and best-fit to the experimentally determined molar volumes in order to determine the volumes of the short range order (SRO) structural units in these glasses, how these volume change from the molar volumes of the binary glasses, and how these volumes change across the range of x in the ternary glasses. The best-fit model was defined as the model that required the smallest changes in the volumes of the ternary phosphate and borate SRO structural groups from their values determined by the densities of the binary sodium phosphate and sodium borate glasses. In this best-fit molar volume model, it was found that the volumes of the various phosphate and borate SRO structural groups decreased by values ranging from a minimum value of ~ 1% for x = 0.1 and 0.9 to a maximum value of ~ 6% for the phosphate and ~ 9% for the borate SRO groups at the minimum in molar volume at x = 0.4. The free volume was found to have a negative deviation from linear which is unexpected given the positive deviation in ionic conductivity.     

The glass transition temperature of mixed glass former 0.35Na2O + 0.65[xB2O3 + (1 − x)P2O5] glasses

The mixed glass former effect (MGFE) is defined as the non-linear and non-additive change in the ionic conductivity with changing glass former fraction at constant modifier composition between two binary glass former compositions. In this study, sodium borophosphate glasses, 0.35Na₂O + 0.65[xB₂O₃ + (1 ? x)P₂O₅] with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, have been prepared and their glass transition temperatures (T_g) have been examined as an alternative indicator of the MGFE and as an indicator of changes in the short range order (SRO) structural network units that could cause or contribute to the MGFE. The changes in T_g show a positive non-additive and non-linear trend over the changing glass former fraction, x. The increase in T_g is related to the increasing number of bridging oxygens (BO) in the glass samples, which is caused by the increase in the number of tetrahedral boron, B⁴, units in the SRO structure.     

Alternate closures for radiation transport using Legendre polynomials in 1D and spherical harmonics in 2D

When using polynomial expansions for the angular variables in the radiation transport equation, the usual procedure is to truncate the series by setting all higher order terms to zero. At low order, such simple closures may not give the optimum solution. This work tests alternate closures that scale either the time- or spatial-derivatives in the highest order equation. These scale factors can be chosen such that waves propagate at exactly the speed of light in optically thin media. Alternatively, they may be chosen to significantly improve the accuracy of low-order solutions with no additional computational cost. The same scaling procedure and scale factors work in one- and multi-dimensions. In multidimensions, reducing the order of a solution can save significant amounts of computer time.