Games and general distributive laws in Boolean algebras

The games and are played by two players in -complete and max -complete Boolean algebras, respectively. For cardinals such that or , the -distributive law holds in a Boolean algebra iff Player 1 does not have a winning strategy in . Furthermore, for all cardinals , the -distributive law holds in iff Player 1 does not have a winning strategy in . More generally, for cardinals such that , the -distributive law holds in iff Player 1 does not have a winning strategy in . For regular and , implies the existence of a Suslin algebra in which is undetermined.

     

Aluminum-ion battery technology: a rising star or a devastating fall?

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry -     

Cu(0) mediated polymerization in toluene using online rapid GPC monitoring

Polymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) catalyzed by Cu(0) is carried out in toluene using a range of alcohols and phenol as additives to facilitate the reaction. The polar/coordinating additives promote disproportionation of Cu(I) to Cu(0), the proposed active species in single electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP), and Cu(II) whilst toluene maintains solubility of the reagents and products. In this work, the use of alcohols as additives is optimized. Polymerizations are monitored in real time using rapid chromatography to obtain conversion and molecular weight distribution data without the necessity of manual sampling. Rapid gel permeation chromatography with low angle laser light scattering detection is shown to be a viable method of obtaining molecular weight distribution data in real time compared with conventional analytical techniques. Moreover, the changes in CuBr₂ concentration during SET‐LRP reactions are monitored online using a photodiode array detector. Finally, the kinetics of SET‐LRP of MA using an ultra pure highly porous Cu(0) is performed and a detailed discussion on the role of Cu(II) is provided. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Synergistic air electrode combining carbon nanotube tissue and fluorinated graphite material in hybrid nonaqueous aluminum batteries

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - In a typical Al–air battery, the air cathode functions as a deposition substrate for discharge products while allowing O2 entrance. Herein, we...     

Simultaneous determination of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol, 1‐arachidonoylglycerol and arachidonic acid in mouse brain tissue using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Endocannabinoids (ECs), such as anandamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), modulate a number of physiological processes, including pain, appetite and emotional state. Levels of ECs are tightly controlled by enzymatic biosynthesis and degradation in vivo. However, there is limited knowledge about the enzymes that terminate signaling of the major brain EC, 2‐AG. Identification and quantification of 2‐AG, 1‐AG and arachidonic acid (AA) is important for studying the enzymatic hydrolysis of 2‐AG. We have developed a sensitive and specific quantification method for simultaneous determination of 2‐AG, 1‐AG and AA from mouse brain and adipose tissues by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using a simple brain sample preparation method. The separations were carried out based on reversed phase chromatography. Optimization of electrospray ionization conditions established the limits of detection (S/N = 3) at 50, 25 and 65 fmol for 2‐AG, 1‐AG and AA, respectively. The methods were selective, precise (%R.S.D. < 10%) and sensitive over a range of 0.02–20, 0.01–10 and 0.05–50 ng/mg tissue for 2‐AG, 1‐AG and AA, respectively. The quantification method was validated with consideration of the matrix effects and the mass spectrometry (MS) responses of the analytes and the deuterium labeled internal standard (IS). The developed methods were applied to study the hydrolysis of 2‐AG from mouse brain extracts containing membrane bound monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), and to measure the basal levels of 2‐AG, 1‐AG and AA in mouse brain and adipose tissues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Binuclear complexes for aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols and carbohydrates

The influence of electron-donating and electron-accepting properties of three pentadentate ligands was determined in connection with the aerobic oxidation ability of the corresponding binuclear copper(II) complexes for benzyl and allyl alcohols; additionally, the catalytic performance of their palladium and platinum analogs was characterized under comparable conditions. Quantitative aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol at 40 °C was achieved with a binuclear copper(II) complex—TEMPO catalyst in 2.5 h, while the regioselective aerobic oxidation of underivatized methyl-β-d-glucopyranoside was accomplished in about 35% yield at 60 °C after 24 h.     

Ionic Liquids as Internal Phase for Non‐Aqueous PolyHIPEs

Stable high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) with the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl‐sulfonyl)imide as dispersed phase were prepared and polymerised thermally into polyHIPEs. All polyHIPEs exhibited pore morphologies similar to that of polyHIPEs obtained with an aqueous dispersed phase. PolyHIPEs containing the dispersed phase possess a low T_g and are thermally stable in excess of 200 °C, offering the potential for new porous materials where water as dispersed phase is chemically or physically undesirable.