Synthesis of N-{[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy]carbonyl}-Protected (Fmoc) β-Amino Acids (= homo-α-amino acids) by direct homologation

The successful application of the Arndt-Eistert protocol starting from commercially available N-{[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy]carbonyl}-protected (Fmoc) α-amino acids leading to enantiomerically pure N-Fmoc-protected β-amino acids in only two steps and with high yield is reported.     

The ring of quasimodular forms for a cocompact group

We describe the additive structure of the graded ring of quasimodular forms over any discrete and cocompact group Γ⊂PSL(2,R). We show that this ring is never finitely generated. We calculate the exact number of new generators in each weight k. This number is constant for k sufficiently large and equals where I and are the ideals of modular forms and quasimodular forms, respectively, of positive weight. We show that is contained in some finitely generated ring of meromorphic quasimodular forms with i.e., the same order of growth as      

Synthesis of new spiro‐[isothiochromene‐3,5′‐isoxazolidin]‐4(1H)‐ones

A series of seven new 2′,3′,4′‐substituted spiro[isothiochromene‐3,5′‐isoxazolidin]‐4(1H)‐ones ( 7‐13 ) has been prepared in the reaction of benzylidene(phenyl)azane oxide ( 5 ) or benzylidene(methyl)azane oxide ( 6 ) with (3Z)‐3‐(4‐substituted‐benzylidene)‐1H‐isothio‐ chromen‐4(3H)‐one ( 1‐4 ). The reaction occurs by a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition mechanism that leads to the regiospecific formation of various spiroisoxazolidines ( 7‐13 ).     

Built-in quality systems in regulated contract research organizations (CRO) conducting bioequivalence studies: a regulatory science perspective

As contract research organizations are now familiar with GXPs and have become more popular for conducting bioequivalence studies, it is very important that the sponsor has the assurance that the study has been conducted not only to the highest standard of science but also in compliance with regulatory requirements. The dynamic role of quality personnel requires alert knowledgeable people to recognise all the issues which arise and take the proper actions—experienced persons can detect and rectify these. On the basis of equality, for quality system personnel and scientists a firm grasp of regulatory science is needed to succeed. It must be remembered that compliance is monitored by adherence to regulatory standards, whereas the regulatory bodies review the appropriately implemented regulatory science principles. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Extension of semiclean rings

Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal - This paper aims at the study of the notions of periodic, UU and semiclean properties in various context of commutative rings such as trivial ring extensions,...     

Morus alba Prevented the Cyclophosphamide Induced Somatic and Germinal Cell Damage in Male Rats by Ameliorating the Antioxidant Enzyme Levels

Cytogenetic analysis is essential to determine the effect of mutagens and antimutagens on genetic material. This study was done to evaluate the protective effect of root bark extract of Morus alba (M. alba) against cyclophosphamide induced somatic and germinal cell damage in male rats. The ethanolic extract of M. alba (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg, 2 weeks) was evaluated against cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg, single dose) induced nuclear damage. The sampling was done after 48 h of the clastogen treatment. The somatic and germinal nuclear damage was studied by bone marrow micronucleus and sperm analysis, respectively. Serum superoxide and catalase levels were estimated to determine the antioxidant status in each group. The results were analyzed statistically to find the significant variation. The administration of M. alba for 2 weeks suppressed dose-dependently the changes induced by cyclophosphamide. M. alba (0.5 g/kg) decreased the frequency of micronucleated erythrocyte, sperm shape abnormality and enhanced the sperm count, sperm motility and polychromatic-normochromatic erythrocytes ratio significantly (p < 0.05) in comparison with the cyclophosphamide treated group. The highest tested dose of M. alba (1 g/kg) produced more prominent suppression (p < 0.01) in the cyclophosphamide-induced somatic and germinal cell defects. The results also showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the serum antioxidant enzymes levels with M. alba when compared with the challenge group. The lower dose of M. alba extract (0.25 g/kg) prevented the CP-induced changes but was found to be statistically insignificant. Therefore, antimutagenic potential of the high dose of the extract of M. alba is possibly due to its antioxidant nature. The ability of the M. alba extract to prevent the nuclear damage could play an important role in overcoming several mutational defects that are associated with anticancer chemotherapy.