Properties of vortices in the self-similar turbulent jet

Instantaneous, two-dimensional velocity measurements were conducted in the axial plane of a self-similar turbulent axisymmetric jet. The velocity fields were high-pass filtered to expose the vortical structures. An automated method was used to identify the radial and axial coordinates of the vortex centers and rotational sense, and to measure their size, circulation, vorticity, and energy. New insights into turbulent jets are obtained by plotting statistical distributions for vortex properties as functions of Reynolds number and radial position. While the probability of finding a vortex is uniform up to the edge of the jet, the strongest eddies in the high-pass filtered field occur near the jet axis. The average circulation is directly proportional to the vortex size. The Reynolds number strongly affects the average vorticity, circulation, and energy of the eddies. However, the normalized curves show a good collapse implying that the jet is indeed self-similar. Results for the left and right half-planes of the jet are also presented. Interestingly, we find that contrary to customary drawings of jet flows, a substantial number of both clockwise and counter-clockwise rotating eddies exist on both sides of the jet axis, with almost equal numbers of oppositely rotating vortices close to the jet axis. Further, the disparity in the number of oppositely rotating eddies in each half-plane increases with the eddy size. Nevertheless, these results are consistent with the well-known radial vorticity distribution of axisymmetric jets.     

Nonlinear response of a parametrically excited buckled beam

A nonlinear analysis of the response of a simply-supported buckled beam to a harmonic axial load is presented. The method of multiple scales is used to determine to second order the amplitude- and phase-modulation equations. Floquet theory is used to analyze the stability of periodic responses. The perturbation results are verified by integrating the governing equation using both digital and analog computers. For small excitation amplitudes, the analytical results are in good agreement with the numerical solutions. The large-amplitude responses are investigated by using a digital computer and are compared with those obtained via an analog-computer simulation. The complicated dynamic behaviors that were found include period-multiplying and period-demultiplying bifurcations, period-three and period-six motions, jump phenomena, and chaos. In some cases, multiple periodic attractors coexist, and a chaotic attractor coexists with a periodic attractor. Phase portraits, spectra of the responses, and a bifurcation set of the many solutions are presented.     

Experimental study of large-diameter thin-wall pressure vessels

An experimental stress analysis of three cylindrical pressure vessels with radius/thickness ratios ranging from 100 to 238 and different head closures is described. Brittle coatings and electrical strain gages were employed to determine stress distributions over the entire outer surface of the vessels. Electrical strain gages alone were used to determine stresses on the inside surface of the vessels. Particular emphasis was placed on determining stress concentrations and on nonlinear effects produced by geometric imperfections. An attempt was also made to correlate the failure, which started in the cylindrical portion of the three vessels, with the elastic-stress distribution. It was found that the imperfections in the cylinder were not significant if the vessel was fabricated from a ductile steel. However, if the vessel was constructed from a high-strength but brittle steel, the imperfections significantly lower the bursting strength of the vessel.     

Experimental study of the reverse flow in the forward separation region in a pulsating flow around a spiked body

The flow with a free-stream Mach number M _∞ = 6 around a cylindrical body with a sharp spike is studied. The existence of a supersonic reverse flow for one of the phases of the pulsating flow regime is experimentally validated. A range of spike lengths is determined, which ensures a region of a supersonic reverse flow near the side surface of the spike. The time of existence of the supersonic reverse flow region is shown to be 0.15 of the period of pulsations if the spike length equals the model diameter. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 30–39, July–August, 2007.     

Flow of a vortical stream in the neighborhood of the critical point

A study was made of the axisymmetric flow of a viscous incompressible fluid in the neighborhood of the critical point of an obstacle when steady-state vortices oriented in the direction of the angular coordinate are introduced into the oncoming flow. A solution is presented of the equation for the transfer of a vortex in the case of an external flow containing a single largesize vortex in the low-frequency part of the spectrum. Using a finite integral Hankel transform, the problem is reduced to the solution of a system of ordinary differential equations. It is shown that a sufficiently large-size vortex can have a considerable effect on the structure of viscous flow near an obstacle.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 85–89, November–December, 1970.     

Dependence of the yield stresses of certain materials on loading rate

The dependence of the dynamic yield stresses of certain metals and alloys on loading rate has been investigated at temperatures of +20 and –196°C. In the experiments the loading rate remained constant up to the appearance of plastic strains, i.e., , where . The yield stresses of the materials and the time to the appearance of plastic strains were determined from the oscillograms representing the strain and load as functions of time.     

Tensile deformations in molten polymers

Summary This paper describes three complementary methods of measuring the rheological response of polymer melts under tension. A specially designed rheometer maintains constant stress throughout the deformation and gives well defined data, but is limited to high viscosity materials. The two other systems which have been studied are the deformation during the drawdown of an extrudate and that of convergent flow. A wide range of materials and degrees of deformation can be studied though the results are less precise. With empirical assumptions these systems yield data which are consistent with those obtained from the rheometer over a wide range of conditions.Viscous, elastic and plastic deformations are observed. The viscosity is, in general, independent of stress: its value is three times the limiting shear viscosity at low stress. Important departures from this rule occur for polythene and polypropylene. The viscosity of low density polythene increases with stress over a limited range of stress. This behaviour is associated with branching. Theviscosityof polypropylene decreases with stress. The elastic modulus at low stress is commonly in the range 10⁵–10⁶ dyn/cm² and is largely independent of temperature and molecular weight. At high stress there is a limiting elastic strain of about 2.0 units. Low density polythene has a plastic breaking stress of about 10⁷ dyn/cm². The breaking stress increases with temperature.

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Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit beschreibt drei sich ergänzende Methoden zur Messung des Theologischen Verhaltens polymerer Schmelzen unter Zugbeanspruchung. Ein speziell ausgelegtes Rheometer sorgt für eine konstante Spannung während der Deformation und ergibt eindeutige Meßgrößen. Es ist allerdings auf hochviskose Stoffe beschränkt. Die beiden anderen Methoden, die untersucht wurden, sind zum einen die Deformation während des Abziehens eines Extrudates und zum anderen die der konvergenten Strömung. Auf diese Weise können zahlreiche Stoffe und Verformungsgrade untersucht werden, obwohl die Ergebnisse weniger genau sind. Unter empirischen Annahmen ergeben diese Systeme Größen, die mit den mit Hilfe des Rheometers für einen weiten Bereich von Bedingungen ermittelten Ergebnissen übereinstimmen.Viskose, elastische und plastische Deformationen werden beobachtet. Die Viskosität ist im allgemeinen unabhängig von der Spannung; ihr Wert ist dreimal größer als die Grenz-Scherviskosität (bei geringer Spannung). Wichtige Abweichungen von dieser Regel treten bei Polyäthylen und Polypropylen auf. Die Viskosität von Polyäthylen niedriger Dichte wächst mit der Spannung in einem begrenzten Spannungsbereich. Dieses Verhalten ist von Verzweigungen begleitet. Die Viskosität des Polypropylens fällt dagegen mit der Spannung ab. Der Elastizitätsmodul liegt im allgemeinen zwischen 10⁵ und 10⁶ dyn/cm² und ist weitgehend von der Temperatur und dem Molekulargewicht unabhängig. Bei hoher Spannung zeigt sich eine begrenzende elastische Dehnung von etwa 2 Einheiten. Polyäthylen geringer Dichte hat eine plastische Bruchspannung von etwa 10⁷ dyn/cm². Die Bruchspannung wächst mit der Temperatur.

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Paper presented at the Conference on Experimental Rheology, University of Bradford, April 17–19, 1968.     

Pulsating regime corresponding to an obstacle in a stationary inhomogeneous flow

The pulsating regime produced by the presence of a cylindrical cavity in a stationary inhomogeneous supersonic flow is simulated mathematically. The system of equations for an inviscid thermally nonconducting gas is solved by a numerical method based on a two-step difference scheme of second order of approximation. This method makes it possible to calculate in each time step the complete flow field at once, which makes it possible to follow the development of the nonstationary flow, which in the present case is a pulsating flow. The flow pattern in the pulsating regime is studied in detail. The pressure pulsations in the cavity are due to the alternating passage through it of shock waves and rarefaction waves, and the pulsations are nonlinear. The influence of the basic parameters on the characteristics of the pulsating flow is studied and some estimates are made.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 64–71, September–October, 1979.     

Convection of a viscous incompressible gas in rectangular regions with inlet and outlet channels

A study is made of two-dimensional problems of thermal convection of a viscous incompressible gas in rectangular regions that have gas inlet and outlet channels in the presence of a temperature difference between the bottom and the top (the bottom is heated). In contrast to the well-studied case of natural convection, when no-slip conditions are specified on all boundaries of the region and motion in the region occurs only through the temperature difference [1–4], the heat transfer in the investigated flows is complicated by the additional influence of the forced convection of the gas due to the motion of gas through the inlet and outlet channels. Flows of such type simulate well the processes that take place in many heat transfer devices and in ventilated and air-conditioned industrial premises. Two formulations of the problem are considered. In the first, the gas flow through the inlet and outlet channels is assumed given, and the solution of the problem is determined by the dimensionless Prandtl, Grashof, and Reynolds numbers. In the second case, this flow rate is not given but determined during the solution of the problem. The motion in the region arises from the difference between the temperatures of the bottom and the top of the region, and the motion, in its turn, causes a flow of gas through the inlet and outlet channels. As in the case of natural convection, the solution of the problem in this case is determined by only two dimensionless numbers — the Grashof and Prandtl numbers. By numerical solution of the boundary-value problems for the equations of heat transfer a study is made of the influence of the characteristic dimensionless numbers on the hydrodynamic and temperature fields and the heat fluxes through the boundaries of the region. The solutions of the problems in the two formulations are compared for different positions of the outlet channels.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 126–131, September–October, 1979.We thank G. I. Petrov for discussing the results.