Optical characterization of polycarbonate: Influence of additives on optical properties

In laser transmission welding of thermoplastics the optical properties of the joining parts determine the quality of the welding result. Especially, the scattering of laser radiation in the transparent welding part has an impact on weld seam properties. This scattering is caused by additives. For polycarbonate (PC) with different additives the transmittance, the reflectance and the collimated transmittance are measured with a UV‐VIS‐NIR spectrometer. From this data, the optical properties, such as scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, and anisotropy factor are calculated. The calculations are made with the aid of the four‐flux model of radiation transport in the diffusive approximation. The results show that the additives have a significant influence on the scattering coefficient. For most additives under consideration the scattering is forward directed, which means that most of the radiation is transmitted into the absorbing welding part. However, the power density distribution of the transmitted radiation may differ significantly from PC without additives. So, the weld seam may also differ due to different additives. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 451–455, 2010     

Turbulent flow in a ribbed channel: Flow structures in the vicinity of a rib

PIV measurements are performed in a channel with periodic ribs on one wall. The emphasis of this study is to investigate the flow structures in the vicinity of a rib in terms of mean velocities, Reynolds stresses, probability density functions (PDF), and two-point correlations. The PDF distribution of u′ is bimodal in the separated shear layer downstream of the rib. The maximum Reynolds shear stresses occur at the leading edge of the rib. Based on quadrant analysis, it is found that ejection motions make a dominant contribution to the Reynolds shear stress in this region. Moreover, topology-based visualization is applied to the separation bubble upstream of the rib. Salient critical points and limit cycles are extracted, which gives clues to the physical processes occurring in the flow.     

On some properties of 4-regular plane graphs

The d-distance face chromatic number of a connected plane graph is the minimum number of colors in such a coloring of its faces that whenever two distinct faces are at the distance at most d, they receive distinct colors. We estimate 1-distance chromatic number for connected 4-regular plane graphs. We show that 0-distance face chromatic number of any connected multi-3-gonal 4-regular plane graphs is 4. © 1995, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Isotactic rac‐Lactide Polymerization with Copper Complexes: The Influence of Complex Nuclearity

Diiminopyrrolide copper alkoxide complexes, LCuOR (OR¹=N,N‐dimethylamino ethoxide, OR²=2‐pyridyl methoxide), are active for the polymerization of rac‐lactide at ambient temperature in benzene to yield polymers with M_w/M_n=1.0–1.2. X‐ray diffraction studies showed bridged dinuclear complexes in the solid state for both complexes. While LCuOR¹ provided only atactic polylactide, LCuOR² produced partially isotactic polylactide (P_m=0.7). The difference in stereocontrol is attributed to a dinuclear active species for LCuOR² in contrast to a mononuclear species for LCuOR¹.     

States on systems of sets that are closed under symmetric difference

We consider extensions of certain states. The states are defined on the systems of sets that are closed under the formation of the symmetric difference (concrete quantum logics). These systems can be viewed as certain set‐representable quantum logics enriched with the symmetric difference. We first show how the compactness argument allows us to extend states on Boolean algebras over such systems of sets. We then observe that the extensions are sometimes possible even for non‐Boolean situations. On the other hand, a difference‐closed system can be constructed such that even two‐valued states do not allow for extensions. Finally, we consider these questions in a σ‐complete setup and find a large class of such systems with rather interesting state properties.