全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1557篇 |
免费 | 37篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1154篇 |
晶体学 | 9篇 |
力学 | 35篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
数学 | 203篇 |
物理学 | 197篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 13篇 |
2022年 | 30篇 |
2021年 | 49篇 |
2020年 | 42篇 |
2019年 | 33篇 |
2018年 | 30篇 |
2017年 | 35篇 |
2016年 | 47篇 |
2015年 | 38篇 |
2014年 | 52篇 |
2013年 | 85篇 |
2012年 | 91篇 |
2011年 | 101篇 |
2010年 | 68篇 |
2009年 | 61篇 |
2008年 | 88篇 |
2007年 | 89篇 |
2006年 | 69篇 |
2005年 | 76篇 |
2004年 | 66篇 |
2003年 | 42篇 |
2002年 | 51篇 |
2001年 | 15篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 14篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 13篇 |
1996年 | 14篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 11篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1970年 | 5篇 |
1968年 | 7篇 |
1967年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有1599条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
101.
Štefan Marchalín Dušan Ilavský Milan Bruncko 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》1989,120(12):1101-1105
Summary Good yields of substituted 5-(5R-2-furyl)-4H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines4 were obtained in the reaction of 2-ethoxymethyleneamino-3-cyano-4H-pyranes2 with ammonia. Compounds2 were prepared by the condensation of the starting 2-amino-5-acetyl-3-cyano-6-methyl-4H-pyranes1 with ethyl orthoformate. Spectral properties of the bicyclic system4 in relation to compounds3 are discussed. 相似文献
102.
The electrodeless discharge lamp: a prospective tool for photochemistry: Part 3. The microwave photochemistry reactor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Petr Kln Milan Hjek Vladimír Církva 《Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. A, Chemistry》2001,140(3):1077-189
A simple and original microwave photochemical reactor is described in detail. It consists of an electrodeless discharge lamp placed into the reaction vessel in a modified domestic microwave oven. The microwave field generates ultraviolet radiation by the lamp at the same time when it interacts with the reaction mixture. The construction, experimental set-ups, applications, and safety precautions are discussed. 相似文献
103.
Marek Bučko Danica Mislovičová Jozef Nahálka Alica Vikartovská Jana Šefčovičová Jaroslav Katrlík Ján Tkáč Peter Gemeiner Igor Lacík Vladimír Štefuca Milan Polakovič Michal Rosenberg Martin Rebroš Daniela Šmogrovičová Juraj Švitel 《Chemical Papers》2012,66(11):983-998
Biological molecules such as enzymes, cells, antibodies, lectins, peptide aptamers, and cellular components in an immobilized form are extensively used in biotechnology, in biorecognition and in many medicinal applications. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the developments in new immobilization materials, techniques, and their practical applications previously developed by the authors. A detailed overview of several immobilization materials and technologies is given here, including bead cellulose, encapsulation in ionotropic gels and polyelectrolyte complexes, and various immobilization protocols applied onto surfaces. In addition, the review summarises the screening and design of an immobilization protocol, practical applications of immobilized biocatalysts in the industrial production of metabolites, monitoring, and control of fermentation processes, preparation of electrochemical/optical biosensors and biofuel cells. 相似文献
104.
Dijana Pei Ivana Ozimec Landek Renata Rup
i Marina Modri Iva Dapo Rudolf Trojko Mladen Merep Milan Mesi 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》2012,49(2):243-252
The present review focuses on dibenzo[b,f]oxepin‐10(11H)‐one ( I , X = O) and dibenzo[b,f]thiepin‐10(11H)‐one ( I , X = S) as common synthons in the efficient synthesis of various dibenzoxepino[4,5‐ and dibenzothiepino[4,5]‐fused five‐membered heterocycles: [2,3] fused thiophene ( II ), [3,4] fused thiophene ( III ), furan ( IV ), pyrrole ( V ), imidazole ( VI ), pyrazole ( VII ), oxazole ( VIII ), and thiazole ( IX ). The potential of I to be converted into reactive intermediates that readily undergo heteroaromatic annulation reactions by cyclocondensation with proper binucleophiles allows formation of a range of enumerated functionalized dibenzo[e,h]azulene [4] structures ( II , III , IV , V , VI , VII , VIII , IX ). Dibenzo[e,h]azulenes as heterotetracyclic scaffold can be exploited in further modifications to obtain compounds with altered physicochemical and biological profile. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012). 相似文献
105.
Łukasz Wiśniewski Katarína Vaňková Pavel Ačai Milan Polakovič 《Chemical Papers》2014,68(12):1649-1655
Galacto-oligosaccharides are typically produced by an enzymatic reaction when the post-reaction mixture contains considerable amounts of lactose and glucose and a smaller amount of galactose. In order to develop a process of chromatographic removal of saccharide impurities, adsorption equilibria and kinetics of these di- and monosaccharides were investigated for Diaion UBK 530, an industrialgrade strong cation-exchanger in the Na+ form. Frontal chromatographic experiments were carried out in the temperature range of 30–70°C and a broad interval of saccharide concentrations up to 350 g L?1. Breakthrough curves were described using the equilibrium-dispersive model with the linear adsorption isotherm. Both the distribution and the axial dispersion coefficient values depended on the saccharide molecule type and size. No significant effect of temperature or concentration on the distribution coefficient was observed. The apparent dispersion coefficients of all saccharides exhibited some decrease with the temperature, which was caused by the decrease of the intraparticle mass transfer resistance. An analysis showed that both the intraparticle mass transfer and the axial dispersion had a significant influence on the front dispersion. 相似文献
106.
Predrag?S.?Stanimirovi?Email author Milan?B.?Tasi? 《Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing》2002,9(2):349-359
We investigate implementation of the determinantal representation of generalized inverses for complex and rational matrices in the symbolic package MATHEMATICA. We also introduce an implementation which is applicable to sparse matrices. 相似文献
107.
Building a calibration model with detection and quantification capabilities is identical to the task of building a regression model. Although commonly used by analysts, an application of the calibration model requires at first careful attention to the three components of the regression triplet (data, model, method), examining (a) the data quality of the proposed model; (b) the model quality; (c) the LS method to be used or a fulfillment of all least-squares assumptions. This paper summarizes these components, describes the effects of deviations from assumptions and considers the correction of such deviations: identifying influential points is the first step in least-squares model building, the calibration task depends on the regression model used, and finally the least squares LS method is based on assumptions of normality of errors, homoscedasticity, independence of errors, overly influential data points and independent variables being subject to error. When some assumptions are violated, the ordinary LS is inconvenient and robust M-estimates with the iterative method of reweighted least-squares must be used. The effects of influential points, heteroscedasticity and non-normality on the calibration precision limits are also elucidated. This paper also considers the proper construction of the statistical uncertainty expressed as confidence limits predicting an unknown concentration (or amount) value, and its dependence on the regression triplet. The authors' objectives were to provide a thorough treatment that includes pertinent references, consistent nomeclature, and related mathematical formulae to show by theory and illustrative examples those approaches best suited to typical problems in analytical chemistry. Two new algorithms, calibration and linear regression written in s-plus and enabling regression triplet analysis, the estimation of calibration precision limits, critical levels, detection limits and quantification limits with the statistical uncertainty of unknown concentrations, form the goal of this paper. 相似文献
108.
Makarević J Jokić M Frkanec L Katalenić D Zinić M 《Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)》2002,(19):2238-2239
Some bis (amino acid) oxalamide gelators form common thermo-reversible gels with various organic solvents but also gels of exceptional thermal stability with some solvents of medium and low polarity; the latter gels can be heated up to 50 degrees C higher temperatures than the bp of the solvent without apparent gel-to-sol transition. 相似文献
109.
110.
Arsov Z Schara M Strancar J 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2002,157(1):52-60
Using EPR spectroscopy a typical lateral domain structure was detected in the membranes of spin-labeled bovine erythrocyte ghosts. The spectral parameters were determined by decomposing the EPR spectrum into three spectral components and tuned by a hybrid-evolutionary-optimization method. In our experiments the lateral domain structure and its properties were influenced by the variation in the temperature and by the addition of n-butanol. The specific responses of the particular domain types were detected. For the most-ordered domain type a break was seen in the temperature dependence of its order parameter, while the order parameters of the two less-ordered domain types exhibited a continuous decrease. Below the break-point temperature the alcohol-induced membrane fluidity variation is mainly a consequence of the change in the proportions of the least- and the most-ordered domain type and not the change of the domain-type ordering or dynamics (with n-butanol concentration). On the other hand, the fluidity variation above the break-point temperature arises from both types of changes. Interestingly, the proportion of the domain type that has its order parameter between that of the least- and the most-ordered domain type remains almost constant with concentration as well as with temperature, which implies its stability. Such characterization of the lateral membrane domain structure could be beneficial when considering the lipid-protein interactions, because it can be assumed that the activity of the membrane-bound enzyme depends on the properties of the particular domain type. 相似文献