Magneto resistance due to domain wall scattering and magneto size effect of thin Ni and Co films at low temperatures

Nickel and cobalt films illustrate alternative Bloch lines with cap switches. The strip magnetic domains become zigzag and bubbling cells for Ni and Co films, respectively, under an external field of 1.5 T. The magnetoresistances (MR) for currents parallel (CIW) to the domain walls is 15% less than those of the perpendicular (CPW) case. We also studied the magneto size effect by applying the magnetic field normal to the surface, from which the Sondheimer oscillation appears attributing to periodic striking of the surface for electrons traveling in circular motion on a plane canting to the surface. The experiments can be expressed by the magneto size effect inherited with very small specularity parameters.     

Theoretical investigation of magnetic property in paramagnetic neodymium gallium garnet under high magnetic field

The magnetic property in neodymium gallium garnet (NdGaG) is studied by the quantum theory. The ground configuration split states are calculated taking into account the spin–orbit interaction and crystal field effect. Taking account of the Nd–Nd exchange interaction, a good agreement between experimental and theoretical values can be obtained for the variation of the magnetic moment with the external magnetic field under “extreme” conditions (low temperature and high magnetic field). Moreover, the temperature dependence of magnetic moment and the magnetic susceptibility χ is also discussed. Above 30 K, the magnetization (M) shows a linear field (H_e) dependence.     

Host dependent frequency upconversion of Er-doped oxyfluoride germanate glasses

Er³⁺-doped oxyfluoride germanate glasses have been synthesized by the conventional melting and quenching method. The Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters were calculated based on the Judd-Ofelt theory and absorption spectra measurements. With the substitution of PbF₂ for PbO, the Ω₂ parameter decreases, while the Ω₆ parameter increases. These change trends indicate that fluoride anions come to coordinate erbium cations and the covalency of the Er-O bond decreases. Structural and thermal stability properties were obtained by Raman spectra and differential thermal analysis, indicating that PbF₂ plays an important role in the formation of glass network and has an important influence on the maximum phonon energy and thermal stability of host glasses. Intense green and red emissions centered at 525, 546, and 657 nm, corresponding to the transitions ²H_11/2→⁴I_15/2, ⁴S_3/2→⁴I_15/2, and ⁴F_9/2→⁴I_15/2, respectively, were simultaneously observed at room temperature. With increasing PbF₂ content, the intensity of red (657 nm) emissions increases significantly, while that of the green (525 and 546 nm) emission increases slightly. The results indicate that PbF₂ has more influence on the red (657 nm) emission than the green (525 and 546 nm) emissions in oxyfluoride germanate glasses. The possible upconversion luminescence mechanisms have also been estimated and discussed.     

Sensing and fluorescence behaviors of complex formation between new lariat crown ethers bearing fluorescence sidearm and metal ions in methanol solution

Fluorescence spectroscopic properties of the complex formation between six new C-pivot16-crown-5 ethers bearing fluorescence side arms and metal ions are studied. Six new C-pivot 16-crown-5 ethers that carry fluorescence side arms were synthesized. The research also included the examination of different fluorescent behavior of the new lariat ethers in the presence of silver and sodium ions (Ag⁺ and Na⁺) in methanol. Because of the good fit of the cavity size of these 16-crown-5 ethers with the Ag⁺ and Na⁺ ions, remarkable change in fluorescent spectra were observed. The results showed that the new lariat crown ethers exhibited enhanced selectivity towards sodium ion, but silver ion show quenching abilities towards the ligands. Cooperative participations of the C-pivot side arm oxygen with the ring oxygen molecules in complexation was also confirmed by the single crystal X-ray crystallography of the complex, (C₂₇H₃₀O₇)·NaClO₄. The freezing of crown ring conformation and the diminishment of the chance of sidearm oscillation that occurred upon complexation with sodium ion are the main causes of fluorescent enhancement. The quenching caused by the addition of silver ion was found to explainable by the photo-induced electron transfer that results in the reduction of silver ions.     

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of polycrystalline Bi2O3/SrTiO3 composite powders

Bi₂O₃/SrTiO₃ composite powders have been prepared and their photocatalytic activities were investigated by photooxidation of methanol. These powders were characterized by UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra, SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results revealed that all the Bi₂O₃/SrTiO₃ composite powders exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than pure SrTiO₃, Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂ (P25) under visible light irradiation (λ>440 nm). The effects of the Bi₂O₃ contents on the photocatalytic activities of the composite powders were examined, the photocatalytic activities increased with the content of Bi₂O₃ increasing to a maximum of 83% and then decreased under visible light irradiation. The effects of the calcination temperatures on the photocatalytic activities of the composite powders were also investigated.     

Rotation-invariant pattern recognition using morphological phase-only correlation

We present a rotation-invariant nonlinear correlator based on the circular harmonic filter (CHF) and the previously proposed morphological phase-only correlator (MPC) [Q. Wang, S. Liu, Opt. Commun. 244 (2005) 93]. We refer to this correlator as a rotation-invariant MPC (RIMPC). Through computer simulation, we compare the output results of RIMPC with those of rotation-invariant MC (RIMC) and CHF when input scene is corrupted by salt-and-pepper noise, white additive Gaussian noise and cluttered background. Our results show that RIMPC yields higher discriminability, sharper and higher correlation peaks and displays better stability against the above three kinds of noise than do the RIMC and common CHF.     

Ultrafast non-linear optical properties of Ge20As25Se55 chalcogenide films

The non-resonant third-order non-linear optical properties of amorphous Ge₂₀As₂₅Se₅₅ films were studied experimentally by the method of the femtosecond optical heterodyne detection of optical Kerr effect. The real and imaginary parts of complex third-order optical non-linearity could be effectively separated and their values and signs could be also determined, which were 6.6 × 10⁻¹² and −2.4 × 10⁻¹² esu, respectively. Amorphous Ge₂₀As₂₅Se₅₅ films showed a very fast response in the range of 200 fs under ultrafast excitation. The ultrafast response and large third-order non-linearity are attributed to the ultrafast distortion of the electron orbitals surrounding the average positions of the nucleus of Ge, As and Se atoms. The high third-order susceptibility and a fast response time of amorphous Ge₂₀As₂₅Se₅₅ films makes it a promising material for application in advanced techniques especially in optical switching.     

Comparison of polarization-mode dispersion tolerances in polarization-multiplexing systems with different modulation formats

The polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) tolerance of 10 Gb/s polarization-multiplexing (PM) system is investigated. Using the importance sampling (IS) method, the outage probabilities of the PM systems with three modulation formats, including on-off keying (OOK), differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) and differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK), are quantified. When the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise is assumed to be dominant, we evaluate the optical power penalties caused by the PMD effect at bit error rate (BER) of 10⁻¹². The performance of compensated PM systems with variable optical delay line is also described. The simulation results indicate that the OOK signal with higher duty cycle (DC) performs better in the PM systems with PMD compensation. It is found that the higher-order PMD impairs seriously the performance of the PM system, and phase-keying formats are more sensitive to the PMD than the OOK.     

Tunable microwave photonic notch filter using a dual-wavelength fiber laser with phase modulation

A novel tunable microwave photonic notch filter using a phase-modulated dual-wavelength fiber laser is presented. A stable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser with a linear cavity is formed by a polarization-maintaining uniform fiber Bragg grating (PM-FBG) and a polarization maintaining linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating (PM-LCFBG), both of which were fabricated on a high-birefringence (Hi-Bi) fiber. It is found that a stable room-temperature dual-wavelength operation can be achieved due to the presence of two reflection peaks arising from the orthogonal states of polarization (SOP) of the PM-FBG. Experimental results show stable dual-wavelength lasing operation with a wavelength separation of ∼0.36 nm and a large optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of over 40 dB under room temperature. The dual-wavelength fiber laser is combined with a phase modulator and a segment of single-mode fiber (SMF) as a dispersive device to form a tunable microwave photonic notch filter. By stretching the PM-FBG to tune the wavelength separation of the dual-wavelength fiber laser, a tunable microwave photonic notch filter with various free spectral ranges (FSRs) and a rejection ratio greater than 35 dB was developed.     

立方钙钛矿RbZnF3电子、弹性和光学性质的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论和赝势平面波方法研究了立方钙钛矿RbZnF3的电子结构和光学性质;利用静水有限应变技术计算研究了RbZnF3弹性常数Cij、体积弹性模量B和剪切模量G随压力的变化关系。基态下,RbZnF3晶格常数a和体积弹性模量B0计算值与实验值以及其他理论值一致。根据能带结构、总态密度以及分波态密度分析可知：基态下立方钙钛矿结构RbZnF3为间接带隙半导体材料,带隙为3.57eV,与其他计算结果比较,本文计算结果偏低,这是由于局域密度近似(LAD)或广义梯度近似(GGA)交换关联函数的局限性所致。基态下RbZnF3的Mulliken电荷分布和集居数说明：RbZnF3属于共价键和离子键所形成的混合键化合物;RbZnF3的电荷总数主要来源于Rb 4s和4p轨道,Zn 3d轨道,以及F 2s和2p轨道。电荷主要从Rb, Zn原子向F原子转移。同时,本文还计算研究了RbZnF3的光学介电函数、吸收系数、复折射率、能量损失谱和反射系数等光学性质。