Linearization of column responses by correlation chromatography. Separation improvement and reduction of undesired adsorption effects

Summary Experiments and simulations prove that correlation chromatography can greatly reduce the disadvantage of a non-linear response of the chromatographic column. A factor that has been accepted as being an important source of error in correlation or multiplex chromatography, has been shown not to be. Separations affected, improve dramatically when correlation chromatography is used, and a substantial amount of correlation noise only arises when there is a large difference in separation between a conventional chromatogram and a correlogram.A model has been developed for simulating these nonlinearities. It is shown that, especially for correlation chromatography, the simulation results match the practical measurements very well.     

Separation of 23 dansylated amino acids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography at low temperature

Summary The baseline separation of 23 dansylated amino acids (including 3 didansylated species) is reported. Lowering of the analysis temperature and fine control of the surfactant concentration were essential in obtaining this result. Calibration graphs with good linearity were obtained.     

Beryllium coordination chemistry

The coordination chemistry of beryllium with particular emphasis on chelates under physiological or near physiological conditions is surveyed. Hard donors such as oxygen are emphasized; equilibrium data and formation constants are reported as an indication of the strength of the complex.     

Recent developments in the chemistry of stable doubly bonded germanium compounds

During the last 10 years, several compounds of the type Ge=X (X = C, Ge, N, P, S) have been isolated as monomers. The stabilization of such derivatives, which are generally highly polymerizable, was achieved by using very bulky groups both on the germanium atom and on the heteroelement X. Conjugation (particularly in a few germenes and germaimines) and intramolecular or intermolecular coordination with oxygen or nitrogen, also contributes, in some cases, to the stabilization. The X-ray analyses of such compounds show a significant bond shortening of the double bond (8–10%) relative to the corresponding single bond and a planar or nearly planar germanium. These doubly bonded germanium derivatives are usually thermally stable but must be handled in an inert atmosphere because of their high sensitivity to oxygen and moisture; they are extremely reactive, much more than the corresponding carbon analogues. Nearly quantitative additions on the double bond have been observed with electrophiles and nucleophiles, and various types of cycloadditions also occur. Except in one case, a germylene behavior has not been observed, proving that such compounds retain their structural integrity in solution.     

Study of radical methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymerization in isopropyl alcohol by dynamic laser scattering and C-NMR spectroscopy

The copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid in isopropyl alcohol is studied by kinetic, dynamic laser scattering and ¹³C-NMR methods. Correlations are established between the dependence of the copolymerization rate, the apparent average molecular weight, the diffusion coefficients and the configurational triad composition on the monomer feed. These correlations and the fact that both copolymerization constants are smaller than unity (r_MMA = 0.63 ± 0.03; r_MA = 0.25 ± 0.05) are in good agreement with the assumption that a comonomer complex takes part in the propagation reaction. A new Markov chain method for the estimation of the configurational triad mole fraction which accounts for the complex participation in a macromolecule formation is developed. Qualitative criteria for evidence the participation of the comonomer complex in copolymerization are proposed using experimental and terminal model calculated mole fractions of the compositional triads and diads.     

End unit effect on the Tg of differentiated series of perfluoro-poly (oxymethylene-co-oxyethylene) oligomers

Twelve series of linear oligomers of four different degrees of polymerization (x_n = 8.77−41.55), having a common perfluorinated random copolymeric chain as molecular body and two equal foreign end units of one of the types listed in Table 1, have been synthesized by derivatization of base samples of one of them having a diolic---CH₂OH functionality. The glass transition temperature T_g of all the series was measured and thus examined as a function of x_n. A clear end unit effect is observed, dominantly determined in every series by chemical nature and structure of the end units, quantitatively expressed at any x_n by different positive or negative T_g deviations from the common asymptotic T_g∞ value. The results are also discussed in terms of copolymer end effect and of relation between T_g and end copolymeric composition.     

Large Water-Soluble Cyclophanes with Convergent Intracavity Functionality

New tricyclic spacers, readily available through fourfold Mannich reaction of substituted dibenzyl ketones, were introduced into a series of ten H₂O-soluble cyclophanes with spacious preorganized cavity binding sites. These spacers provide H₂O-solubility with amine or crown-ether functionality remote from the cyclophane cavity while directing functional groups such as keto or OH groups in a precise geometrical array inside the cavity. The cyclophanes were designed to include organic substrates via a combination of apolar and specific polar functional group interactions. The X-ray crystal-structure analysis of the tritopic receptor 18 with one potential neutral-molecule and two cation-binding sites showed a large rectangular open cavity with dimensions of roughly 9 × 14 Å and a spacing of 9.7 Å between the O-atoms of two convergent C?O groups. Despite the binding-site preorganization, cyclophanes incorporating two of the new spacers did not show any substrate binding in aqueous solutions. The failure of these systems to function as receptors is mainly due to steric hindrance to important cyclophane aromatic ring-guest interactions. Also, the favorable solvation of the intracavity functionality may prevent the formation of complexes. Hybrid receptors constructed from the novel spacers and diphenylmethane units were found to bind flat aromatic substrates as well as bulky [4.2]paracyclophanes. The observed large differences in stability (ΔΔG°> 2 kcal mol^?1) of the complexes formed by three structurally closely related hybrid receptors with convergent C?O, OH or CH₂ groups and 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carbonitrile as guest can be explained by a strong solvation effect of the convergent functional groups on apolar inclusion complexation.     

Synthesis of Benzazepine Analogues of Noscapine

The synthesis of benzazepine analogues of the opium alkaloid noscapine ( 1 ) is described. The benzazepines 2 and 3 were prepared starting from nornarceine ethyl ester ( 4 ; readily available from 1 ) in several steps. X-Ray analysis of compound 2 revealed that it is not a diastereosisomer mixture but a racemate of the threo-form and thus has the same configuration as 1 .     

Synthesis of β -Cyperone via Fungal Hydroxylation of thujone-derived tricyclic cyclopropanes

Synthesis of optically active sesquiterpenes with a eudesmane C-skeleton from the chiral starting material thujone involves transformation of a tricyclic intermediate (1R,2R,4S)-1,7-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)tricyclo[4.4.0.0^2,4]dec-6-en-8-one ( 2 ) into the bicyclic compound β -cyperone ( 5 ). Hydroxylation of 2 at C(5) or C(11) permits subsequent opening of the cyclopropane ring and rearrangement to β -cyperone. In this publication, studies involving hydroxylation of 2 by fungal cultures are presented. The resultant products are useful intermediates in efficient synthesis of eudesmane sesquiterpenes. Of five fungi tested, Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 11145 proved most versatile. It hydroxylates at the exocyclic C(11) position in high yield (70%) and, to a lesser extent, at C(5) (5%). Enzymatic activity appears at the end of growth phase and at least 2.2 g of 2 per liter can be metabolized without significant loss of product yield. A second fungus, Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 9244, proved most useful for hydroxylation of derivatives of 2 for the preparation of derivatives of β -cyperone, although product yields were low (2–20%), some derivatives were nonreactive, and hydroxylation at C(9) occurred. The relationship between precursor structure and enzyme affinity is discussed.