Synthesis and characterization of epoxy-functional polystyrene particles

Colloidal polystyrene particles with surface epoxy groups have been synthesized through surfactant-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene with glycidyl methacrylate; and through copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and methyl methacrylate as shells around existing polystyrene seed particles. We developed two titration methods to quantify the number of epoxy groups that survived the polymerization processes. The styrene-GMA copolymer particles were judged to be unsatisfactory as model colloidal materials due to their size polydispersity and unknown internal distribution of epoxy groups. The core-shell particles had high epoxy surface densities with at least 60% of the initial epoxy groups surviving the synthesis process. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the thickness of the epoxy-rich shell is less than expected based on the volume of monomers added, suggesting that some of the monomer forms water-soluble oligomers. Photon correlation spectroscopy measurements imply that the shell is swollen with water and consists of polymer configurations which extend out into solution. The morphological details vary consistently with the GMA content, and hence the hydrophilicity, of the shell polymer. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Zur Kinetik des Eindringens und der Verdrängung von Flüssigkeiten in Kapillaren

Zusammenfassung Im Laufe von Versuchen, die vonHaller angegebene Methode zur Messung der Benetzungsspannung auf wäßrige Lösungen oberflächenaktiver Stoffe anzuwenden und sie durch Hinzunahme einer Hilfsflüssigkeit auch im Fall vollständiger Benetzung der Kapillarenwand durch die Lösung brauchbar zu machen, ergaben sich neue, anschauliche Beobachtungen über die dynamische Veränderlichkeit der Oberflächen- und Grenzflächenspannung von Lösungen oberflächenaktiver Stoffe, sowie über den Einfluß dieses Effektes auf die Geschwindigkeit des Eindringens und der Verdrängung der wäßrigen Phase in Glaskapillaren. Ferner wurden neue Befunde und klarere Vorstellungen über die Benetzungs- und Umnetzungsspannung erhalten, insbesondere über ihre Kinetik und ihre Änderung bei wiederholter Umnetzung.     

Attosecond correlated dynamics of two electrons passing through a transition state

The strong-field induced decay of a doubly excited, transient Coulomb complex Ar**→Ar(2+)+2e(-) is explored by tracing correlated two-electron emission in nonsequential double ionization of Ar as a function of the carrier-envelope phase. Using <6 fs pulses, electron emission is essentially confined to one optical cycle. Classical model calculations support that the intermediate Coulomb complex has lost memory of its formation dynamics and allows for a consistent, though model-dependent definition of "emission time," empowering us to trace transition-state two-electron decay dynamics with sub-fs resolution. We find a most likely emission time difference of ～200±100 as.     

Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet induced isomerization of acetylene cations

Ultrafast isomerization of acetylene cations ([HC=CH](+)) in the low-lying excited A(2)Σ(g)(+) state, populated by the absorption of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photons (38 eV), has been observed at the Free Electron Laser in Hamburg, (FLASH). Recording coincident fragments C(+) + CH2(+) as a function of time between XUV-pump and -probe pulses, generated by a split-mirror device, we find an isomerization time of 52±15 fs in a kinetic energy release (KER) window of 5.8相似文献   

Magnetism in V-/Mn-doped ZnO layers fabricated on sapphire

Doping ZnO with transition metals (TM) is an obvious approach to produce diluted magnetic semiconductors for magnetoelectronic and spintronic applications. We have carried out experimental studies on the fabrication and characterisation of Mn-doped ZnO layers and V-doped ZnO layers and nanorods, the results of which are reviewed in this paper. From SQUID measurements, both epitaxial and implanted ZnMnO layers show paramagnetic behaviour. Epitaxial ZnVO layers show ferromagnetic SQUID signals, but the presence of any secondary phases in the ZnVO layers may not be ruled out. We also show that the used Al₂O₃ substrates produce a ferromagnetic SQUID signal, that complicates the analysis of magnetisation data and hence the confirmation of ferromagnetism only from SQUID results. PACS 75.50.Pp; 85.75.-d; 81.05.Dz; 75.30.-m; 75.60.Nt; 75.70.-i     

Klein tunneling of a quasirelativistic Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice

A proof-of-principle experiment simulating effects predicted by relativistic wave equations with ultracold atoms in a bichromatic optical lattice that allows for a tailoring of the dispersion relation is reported. We observe the analog of Klein tunneling, the penetration of relativistic particles through a potential barrier without the exponential damping that is characteristic for nonrelativistic quantum tunneling. Both linear (relativistic) and quadratic (nonrelativistic) dispersion relations are investigated, and significant barrier transmission is observed only for the relativistic case.