Matrixunabh?ngige kontinuierliche Dampfraum-Gas-Chromatographie

Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von systematischen Untersuchungen des Matrixeinflusses bei der gas-chromatischen Dampfraum-Analyse und aufgrund prinzipieller Überlegungen wird ein neues Arbeitsverfahren vorgestellt, das es erlaubt, sehr viele Stoffe matrixunabhängig zu bestimmen. Dieses wird durch eine fast quantitative Überführung der flüchtigen Komponenten in das Strip-Gas durch Zusatz von Salzlösungen und durch eine kontinuierliche multiple Gegenstromextraktion über einem strömenden Flüssigkeitsfilm erreicht. Die daraus erwachsenden Vorteile dieses Verfahrens gegenüber der herkömmlichen Technik werden anhand von Beispielen erläutert und aufgezeigt.

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Matrix-independent continuous Head-Space gas-chromatography

Summary A new Head-Space gas-chromatography is presented by means of which it is possible to perform a continuous and selective measurement of numerous organic components dissolved in water. By addition of salt solutions to the sample and a continuous multiple distribution between a thin film of the fluid sample and an inert strip-gas, organic components are nearly quantitatively transferred from the water sample to the strip-gas. The transfer is widely unaffected by the matrix components. The strip-gas, containing more then 95% of the organic components, is analyzed by gas-chromatography. The advantages of the new method as against the hitherto used techniques are demonstrated by means of several examples.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde mit Mitteln des Ministers für Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen gefördert. Dafür sei an dieser Stelle herzlich gedankt.     

In situ hot-stage transmission electron microscopy of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3

The domain structure of Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ before and after hot-stage experiment has been studied. The influence of maximum temperature, heating and cooling rate on the domain configuration of Pb(Zr_{1? x} , Ti _x )O₃ with x = 0.40, 0.45, 0.48 and 0.55 was analysed. A reliable basis for further hot-stage experiments of Pb(Zr_1?x, Ti_x)O₃ has been established. The investigations revealed a temperature dependent appearance and disappearance of nano- and microdomains. The appearance of microdomains in the nano scale range during cooling, denoted as domain miniaturisation, and the time dependent recovering of the former domain structure, revealed that under specific experimental conditions the domain configuration is reversible.     

Basal Histamine H4 Receptor Activation: Agonist Mimicry by the Diphenylalanine Motif

Histamine H₄ receptor (H₄R) orthologues are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that exhibit species-dependent basal activity. In contrast to the basally inactive mouse H₄R (mH₄R), human H₄R (hH₄R) shows a high degree of basal activity. We have performed long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations and rigidity analyses on wild-type hH₄R, the experimentally characterized hH₄R variants S179M, F169V, F169V+S179M, F168A, and on mH₄R to investigate the molecular nature of the differential basal activity. H₄R variant-dependent differences between essential motifs of GPCR activation and structural stabilities correlate with experimentally determined basal activities and provide a molecular explanation for the differences in basal activation. Strikingly, during the MD simulations, F169^45.55 dips into the orthosteric binding pocket only in the case of hH₄R, thus adopting the role of an agonist and contributing to the stabilization of the active state. The results shed new light on the molecular mechanism of basal H₄R activation that are of importance for other GPCRs.     

Der Waschvorgang als Umnetzung

Zusammenfassung Es ist sicher berechtigt, den Waschvorgang bei öligen Anschmutzungen in einem bestimmten Teile seines Ablaufes als Umnetzung aufzufassen. Die qualitative Übereinstimmung zwischen den theoretischen Ab leitungen und den experimentellen Befunden ist durchaus befriedigend. Dagegen ist eine erschöpfende quantitative Behandlung des Vorganges heute noch nicht möglich. Dies beruht mit darauf, daß für die Messung der Benetzungsspannung von völlig benetzenden Flüssigkeiten, zu denen die Waschmittellösungen gehören, noch keine brauchbaren Methoden zur Verfügung stehen.Es bleibt zu hoffen, daß die noch offenen Probleme des Waschens in der nächsten Zeit eine intensivere Bearbeitung als bisher erfahren und daß damit ein tieferes Verständnis dieses wichtigen Vorganges angebahnt wird.     

Analysis of tensides in complex samples with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Multidimensional gas-chromatographical analysis of various tensides of natural or synthetic origin in cosmetic products is demonstrated. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry allows the qualitative and quantitative determination of alkyl polyglucosides (AG), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (FAEO), fatty alcohol sulfates (FAS), fatty alcohol ether sulfates (FAES) and cocamidopropyl betaines (CAPB) in shower gel and cleaning agents. The samples were aliquoted in two parts. The first part was silylated, diluted and analysed; then, in order to detect anionic tensides (FAES, FAS) too, the second aliquot was hydrolysed before being silylated for analysis. Because of their amphoteric character, the betaines can only be analysed by gas chromatography after thermal decomposition in the injector, which leads to the corresponding amidoamines among other products.     

Compositional characterisation of Zn-diffused lithium niobate waveguides

Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and secondary-ion mass spectrometry techniques have been used to investigate the two-step process involved during waveguide fabrication in LiNbO₃ using Zn-vapour diffusion. Compositional analysis (O, Nb, Li and Zn) in the two steps has been characterised. RBS analysis reveals that the first step, involving a heating of the substrate under a metallic Zn atmosphere, gives rise to a partial exchange between the Nb and Li ions from the crystals and the Zn from the vapour source. The second treatment at higher temperature in an open atmosphere diffuses the Zn deeper into the substrate, thus forming an optical waveguide, while the Nb and Li ions recover their bulk values. Received: 16 May 2001 / Revised version: 7 September 2001 / Published online: 30 October 2001     

N-demethylation of methylene blue by lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Phanerochaete chrysosporium lignin peroxidase (LiP) can degrade synthetic dyes such as heterocyclic, azo, and triphenylmethane on its activation by H2O2....     

Gasanalyse

Ohne Zusammenfassung